pertanyaan:
Dear all,
Apa sebenarnya perbedaan antara (grammar) tata bahasa dan struktur (structure) ? Jika mereka adalah sama, mengapa mereka digunakan bersama-sama? Thanks in advance.
jawaban:
Tata bahasa adalah suatu sistem aturan produksi yang digunakan untuk mengurai dan menghasilkan makna, pengucapan, morfologi, dan sintaksis kalimat. Struktur mengacu pada komponen-komponen suara yang diberikan, kata, frase, dan kalimat. Sebagai contoh, kalimat
kalimat dalam bahasa inggris : Jed drinks milk:
Syntactic structure: subject+verb+object
Production rule: English is an SVO language
Morphological structure: drink takes -s
Production rule: a subject must agree with its verb
jawaban lain:
Tata bahasa (grammar) adalah norma-norma sosial, sikap komunal, atau konvensi kolektif. Struktur adalah variasi sintaksis dan morfologi masyarakat yang telah mencapai konsensus
sumber asli : www.usingenglish.com
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Pragmatics Meaning vs. Semantics Meaning
Whether you are taking a class on linguistics or are teaching a language class, understanding pragmatic meaning vs. semantic meaning can be a valuable tool to maximize learning in the classroom. Although semantics and pragmatics are both terms used in relation to the meanings of words, their usage is drastically different.
What Is Semantics?
Semantics refers to the meaning of words in a language and the meaning within the sentence. Semantics considers the meaning of the sentence without the context. The field of semantics focus on three basic things: “the relations of words to the objects denoted by them, the relations of words to the interpreters of them, and, in symbolic logic, the formal relations of signs to one another (syntax)" [1]. Semantics is just the meaning that the grammar and vocabulary impart, it does not account for any implied meaning.
Pragmatic Meaning
When you consider the pragmatic meaning vs. semantic meaning, you find that they are quite different. Pragmatics deals with all of those same words and grammar except within context. In each situation, the various listeners in the conversation define the ultimate meaning of the words. For example, if you were to tell your wife, “You look good in that dress,” it would be a compliment according to the semantic meaning. The meaning of the words and the sentence on their own is a positive thing. Pragmatically, this could be insult. Had your wife just tried on a different dress? She could assume that your intended compliment actually implied that her first outfit looked terrible.
Pragmatics Meaning vs. Semantics Meaning
Gricean cooperative principle: pragmatics
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Contoh Thesis Proposal conversational implicature in SALT movie subtitles
THESIS PROPOSAL
THE ANALYSIS OF CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN “SALT” MOVIE SUBTITLES
A. Background of the Study
In communication, people use language. They do more to get another person understand the speaker’s thoughts and feelings. To know what the speakers mean, hearers have to interpret what they say. But interpretation is a tricky affair; misunderstandings are always possible and sometimes seem to be the rule rather than the exception (Jacob L. Mey, 1983: 100). According Leech, interpreting an utterance is ultimately a matter of guesswork, or (to use a more dignified term) hypothesis formation (1983:30-1).
Regarding on the above statement, people have to interpret the speaker’s say. In pragmatic, it calls with conversational implicature. Grice say that conversational implicature can be defined as a different (opposite, additional, etc) pragmatic meaning of an utterance with respect to the literal meaning expressed by utterance (Jacob L. Mey, 1998: 371).
In a case of conversational implicature the hearer crucially makes the assumption that the speaker is not violating one of the conversational maxims, relevance, informativeness, or clarity. Implicature is a concept of utterance meaning as opposed to sentence meaning. Furthermore, implicature is related to the method by which speakers work out the indirect illocutions of utterance (James R. Hurford, 1983: 278). We might be found this problem in conversation from the movie.
Movie is a sequence of picture projected on a screen from a developed and prepared film especially with an accompanying sound track (Webster’s Dictionary, 2004: 654). It is one of the human product literature terms. As we know that most of people in the world love movie whether in humor, scary, action, love drama, or others. It can express someone thought and meaning sense. Generally, in the conversational of movie has specific aim. Usually, the conversational makes someone confused with the speaker’s statement.
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