Research on appraisal analysis on news text: https://researchrabbitapp.com/home

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Raina
2022
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON NEWS ARTICLES
International journal for innovative engineering and management research
 
Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is the computational study of people's opinion, sentiments, attitudes and emotions expressed in written language. It is one of the most active research areas in natural language processing and text mining in recent years. It is a way to analyze the subjective information in the text and then mine the opinion. Sentiment analysis is the procedure by which information is extracted from the opinion appraisal and emotions of people in regards to entities, events and their attributes. In decision making, the opinion of others have a significant effect on customer ease, making choices with regards have a significant effect, product entity. The approach of text sentiment analysis typically works at a particular level like phrase, sentence or document level. 
 
This project aims at analyzing a solution for the sentiment identification at a fine-grained level,namely the sentence level in which polarity of the sentence can be given by three categories as positive, negative and neutral. The data set is gathered from inshorts.com and the project is restricted to 3 news article domains namely- Sports, World and Politics. Lexicon based approach is used for Sentiment Analysis. VADER gives the polarity of negativity, neutrality, positivity and also the consolidated compound score for the given text. The Data Labeling, Data Processing and Finalization is done using Compound score from VADER.
 
ClaraErtyas
2011
An Appraisal Analysis of Gossip News Texts Written By Perez Hilton From Perezhilton.com (A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)
 
This research explored the appraisal system in the gossip news text written by Perez Hilton, taken from his website, perezhilton.com. There were eight texts that were analyzed. They were two texts of Katy Perry, two text of Leona Lewis, two text of Miley Cyrus, and two texts of Chris Brown, which were analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory is concerned with attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find out what appraising items applied in those texts; how they were applied; and why they were applied, including the ideology. This was a descriptive qualitative research. The technique of taking sample used in this research was total sampling. There were two data in this research, the primary data which was sourced from the eight analyzed texts, and the secondary data which was contained the information of Perez Hilton related to his writings. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and appreciation) are applied in the texts, but mostly is judgment. The types of the items are in the forms of word, nominal group and clause. Mostly the attitudes are in the forms of epithet group, attitudinal lexis and mental process clauses. Meanwhile, the engagement is mostly monogloss. The moslty graduation is force, and the scaling of the graduation is up-scaled. The attitudes are applied through the strong expression, and they are applied in Analytical Exposition genre. Additionally, the texts are written subjectively based on the writer’s aspiration. The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that the writer wants to convey. The ideologies are right antagonist for texts exposing Katy Perry and Leona Lewis; and left antagonist for texts exposing Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. The ideology shows the writer’s style in writing gossip news text that he supports the artist if he likes and conversely he challenges the artists who he does not like.
 
Yulina
Handayani
2021
 
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: THE SOCIAL WRONGS REVEALED & THE IDEOLOGIES BROUGHT IN EDITORIAL NEWS EXPOSING THE NEW KPK LAW
 
Bricolage Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi
 
This research is a comparative analysis between two mass media in producing politic news responding to the establishment of the new KPK law by using Critical Discourse Analysis. The research aims to look for and to compare the social wrongs and ideologies brought by the writers from the chosen texts. In order to do critical analysis discourse, the researchers use Fairclough analytic-three-dimensional framework which is wrapped in the four stages of Roy Bhaskar explanatory critiques presented by  Fairclough (2013).The first stage focuses on the social wrong which has semiotic aspects that is analyzed through its linguistic choice by using Appraisal theory proposed by Martin and White. The social wrong of the text is represented by the use of attitude consisting of affect, appreciation, and judgment as it shows the writers’ attitude towards the related parties in the texts. The second stage identifies the obstacles to it being tackled through the analysis of the network of practices, the relationship of the semiosis to other elements and the semiosis itself. It is analyzed using Gee’s Seven Building Tasks of Language. It aims to analyze the areas of “reality” that are built through the texts, which can be used to understand the meaning of the discourse. It may also be used to understand different aspects of the meaning being created through discourse. The ideology of the text is represented by the significances, activities, identities, relationships, politics, connections, and sign systems & knowledge in the texts. The third stage considers whether the social order needs the problems/the social wrong. The last stage reveals the possible ways to tackle the obstacles. The findings from these steps of analysis are combined and interpreted together. It is found that the article produced by The Jakarta Post, as a verified news editorial by the Indonesian Press Council, apparently seems to share more negative attitudes compared to Independent Observer which is not verified yet. This shows the social wrong establishes in the social order: the politicization of the media, which is clearly unnecessary in the social order since it makes the media are politically polarized. Despite the ideological differences in the two articles, both articles basically share the same ideology: the importance of eradicating corruption in Indonesia.
 
Santosa
Nuraeni
2014
 
Genre and Register of Antagonist’s Language in Media: An Appraisal Study of Indonesian Newspapers
 
This research explores how the language of the antagonists is unfolded in print Indonesian media. The analysis is focused on the exploitation of types of texts (genres) and the register. These are explored through the lexis, transitivity, appraisal systems, and text structure. The data were news, editorials, and letters to editors, collected from Kompas, Jawa Pos, Solopos, and Suara Merdek a from May to October 2012. Further selected using criterion-based sampling techniques, the data resulted in eight texts to analyze. In addition to the linguistic analysis, interviews were conducted with the stakeholders of the social issues. The results show that antagonists used the three types of macro genres to express their ideologies in the newspapers. At the level of register, the antagonists develop their attitudes through their feeling (affect), as well as evaluation about other participants (judgment) or things (appreciation). They even amplify and align their attitude through graduation and engagement.
 
 
Anglada
Piccirilli
2014
 
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA FACULTAD DE LENGUAS LICENCIATURA EN LENGUA Y LITERATURA INGLESA TRABAJO FINAL DE LICENCIATURA - LINGÜÍSTICA
 
INTERNATIONAL PRESS VIEWS ON A LATIN AMERICAN PRESIDENT: STANCE CONVEYED THROUGH TRANSITIVITY AND APPRAISAL CHOICES AUTOR: LUIS EDUARDO AHUMADA DIRECTORA: 
 
This research work was conducted in an attempt to uncover the hidden stance conveyed in apparently unbiased articles of the International Press. It also aimed at helping Argentinean translators with the analysis of the source text so as to avoid distortions in the translation process. Two articles, one from The New York Times online and The Guardian online, that covered the same event about the Argentinean president’s taking power were analysed from the point of view of the transitivity and appraisal systems. The most frequent processes in which the president was a participant as well as the attitudinal elements that referred to her were identified and analysed. The results showed a similar stance in both items of news, but they also revealed some differences, rendering different degrees of positioning. This study is expected to provide Argentinean translators and trainee translators with a useful tool of analysis and to raise some awareness of the importance of text analysis in the translation process. International Press Views on a Latin American President III
 
 
Yuwono
Kushartanti
2018
THE POWER OF ONLINE MEDIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SECURITY CRITICS
 
Security issue has become the most reported headline in mass media. This issue is categorized as hard news, which is covered and reported as soon as it happens. All aspects which are written and displayed in the text could influence the readers. Although many believe that news exist to inform the reader, news can be misled and contain specific point of view toward some issues. Critical discourse analysis becomes the tool to find out how editor use their power in composing text. This research is using qualitative method to a text from online media talking about security critics. As for verbal aspect, researcher is using appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005) and for nonverbal aspect is using news value of photography by Caple (2013). The result is the differences in distribution in negativity aspects as the verbal one carries more negative aspects than the nonverbal. The result also shows how the writer and editor’s position and tendency toward the event in reporting news such as negative judgment.
 
 
Lestari
2008
 
THE USE OF ATTITUDES AS A PART OF APPRAISALS SYSTEM IN THE AL JAZEERA NEWS: IRAQ WAR
 
 
Appraisal is a system of interpersonal meanings. Interpersonal meaning is meaning that makes it possible for people to negotiate their attitudes and feelings in social relationship with others. Every social relationship is a social event that results in a text that may be spoken or written. From this point of view, news is a kind of text through which the journalists negotiate their attitudes and feelings with the readers. This thesis tried to provide answers to two research problems: (1) what kinds of attitude are used in the articles?, (2) how are the attitudes used to express feelings in the articles? Therefore, the research method used in this study is qualitative descriptive in nature. The purpose of the study is to describe and analyze the appraisal devices used in the articles which were taken from Al-Jazeera news channel by following the system network of appraisal offered by Martin and Rose (2003). The articles are, therefore, the data under analysis in this thesis. Since appraisals in written texts concern with the choice of words as devices to realize people’s attitudes and feelings, the unit of analysis in this study is appraisal device. Based on the above questions, the analysis was done by following the techniques offered by Martin and Rose (2003) and White (2001). The articles was first broken down into chunks. Then, each of the chunks was analysed for appraisal devices. The result of the analysis is then used to describe the appraisal devices employed in the articles, and how these devices are used to express attitudes and feelings in the articles. On the basis of the result of the analysis done to the articles, the following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the journalists employs all the three resources of attitudes to express people’s feelings (affect), judge people’s characters (judgment), and value the worth of things (appreciation). Affect and appreciation dominate the use of appraisal devices and judgment is the least resource used. Secondly, the affects used in these studied articles are non-authorial. Non-authorial affect value is higher than authorial affect. Non-authorial affect is used since the articles are factual stories that factual news should not be mixed with the author’s attitudes. Most of affects are expressed negatively. It is reasonable since the articles are about the war. The number of instances with judgement is limited since the articles do not emphasize the evaluation of people’s characters. Finally, throughout the articles the journalists are highly evaluative in expressing their attitudes. They employ various resources of amplification to dynamically mobilize attitudes, and turn the volume of the evaluation up and down throughout the articles. The result of this study is expected to give a valuable contribution to the teaching of English, especially in the teaching of writing. The understanding of appraisal system is expected to raise linguistic awareness of both teachers and students of English. Such awareness is important in the text-making processes (writing and speaking). This awareness will become a potential for them to lead to the production of good texts in which words are appropriately selected to realize their attitudes and feelings, and in which various linguistic resources related to appraisal devices are employed in harmony.
 
Gomes
2010
Mulheres e política: analisando a representação sóciocultural midiática
 
In this paper, my aim is to study the representations by the Brazilian media discourse of women politicians in one particular news report. The research is based on Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough,2003; Theo van Leeuwen, 1997) and the Appraisal framework (White,2004; Martin,2006). The analysis of the newspaper report shows that female politicians are perceived as different from their male counterparts and that there are implicit relations of power in the text, which might contribute to shaping the reader’s perception of reality.
 
Khoo
Na
2012
Sentiment analysis of online news text: a case study of appraisal theory
Online information review (Print)
 
Purpose – Sentiment analysis and emotion processing are attracting increasing interest in many fields. Computer and information scientists are developing automated methods for sentiment analysis of online text. Most of the studies have focused on identifying sentiment polarity or orientation – whether a document, usually a product or movie review, carries a positive or negative sentiment. It is time for researchers to address more sophisticated kinds of sentiment analysis. This paper aims to evaluate a particular linguistic framework called appraisal theory for adoption in manual as well as automatic sentiment analysis of news text.Design/methodology/approach – The appraisal theory is applied to the analysis of a sample of political news articles reporting on Iraq and the economic policies of George W. Bush and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to assess its utility and to identify challenges in adopting this framework.Findings – The framework was useful in uncovering various aspects of sentiment that should be useful ...
 
Sudiyana
Akhadiah
2019
 
Emotional Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian Online News Texts: Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism Perspective
 
Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society
: This research aims to investigate the emotional languages uttered by the Indonesian presidential candidates in the online news texts. This study discusses types of languages used by the two presidential candidates, describes language using the positive emotion for their groups, and describes the use of negative emotion of language towards opponent groups. The method used was a content analysis. Data consisted of words, phrases, clauses integrated in sentences from each candidate in their direct quotations. Data sources are in the form of online news texts taken from Kompas, Media Indonesia, Republika, Sinar Harapan , and Suara Pembaruan that were published from February-March 2019. Data was collected by coding to sort out what was relevant directly to the reserach focus. Data analysis was performed using the appraisal theory with the protagonist's perspective in Lazarus and Martin view. The results of the study showed that the type of language used was positive and negative speech categories that were intended for feelings, behaviours, and goods; the use of emotional language for the their self group was widely used positive orientation languages such as happiness, security, satisfaction, and inclination; the language used toward opponent group tend to use negative orientation languages, such as unhappiness, insecurity, and disinclination.
 
 
Novita
2022
GRADUATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST: A STUDY OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS
TheGIST
Abstract: This study examined the Graduation systems on the crime news in The Jakarta Post. Six texts were classified and mixed-method research was applied in the study. The data were analyzed by using the Appraisal Systems Theory. The study aimed to figure out the graduation systems of the crime news in The Jakarta Post and to describe the writers' perspectives on assessing the power of the message in crime news. The findings show that The Jakarta Post presents 60% of focus dominantly. In addition, The Jakarta Post's writers portray crime news using larger, sharper language.Key words: Apprasial System, Focus, Force, Graduation 
 
 
Jian-sha
2014
Discourse Analysis Based on Appraisal System——a case study of the launching of Chinese Shenzhou 10 spacecraft
 
 
the paper analyzes several news reports about Chinese Shenzhou 10's launching published by western mainstream media from the perspective of appraisal system.It discusses the interpersonal meanings of these reports from three domains of appraisal system---attitude,engagement and graduation.The research results show that these reports mainly hold a positive and complimentary attitude but negative and derogatory attitudes are also revealed.Through the analysis of appraisal system,readers can understand the hidden interpersonal meanings of news reports and improve the ability to appreciate discourse/texts.
 
 
Liu
Kasim
2022
 
Appraisal Theory in Translation Studies—A Systematic Literature Review
Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
 
Appraisal theory (AT) is developed from Systemic Functional Linguistics. It focuses on the interpersonal meaning of the text, which expresses the speaker’s attitude and constructs ideological space. However, AT has developed quite lately in translation studies with certain achievements as well as limitations in the previous studies. Thus, this study conducted a literature review to generalize the status quo of studies applying AT in translation from 2011 to 2021. The method of this study is a systematic literature review that selected 27 articles from three databases based on the screening procedure of PRISMA 2020. It also used qualitative synthesis to analyze the contents of the included studies in terms of genres, research foci, application of AT as well as methodologies. This study finds that AT is widely used in analyzing translation shifts, especially in the text types of politics, news and literature with the foci of appraisal shifts, ideology and positioning. However, the number of translation studies applying AT is still limited, and there is potential to examine AT in other text types. Besides, there is also a lack of mixed method or corpus-based analysis. Therefore, this study provides a detailed review of AT in translation studies and reveals some research gaps that could enlighten future studies.
 
 
Zahoor
Sadiq
2021
 
Digital Public Sphere and Palestine-Israel conflict: A Conceptual Analysis of News Coverage
 
The news coverage of conflicts has transformed with the introduction of digital media and social media platforms. The available literature on media coverage of Palestine-Israel conflict is mainly focused on traditional news coverage or social media dimension of the conflict information. There exists a literature gap on social media coverage of Palestine-Israel conflict by the traditional news organizations. This study explores the changing pattern of traditional media’s coverage of the longstanding conflict in the wake of new communication technologies through appraisal of the existing literature. The analysis revealed that the traditional news organizations have adopted social networking platforms as a business model to cover the Palestine-Israel conflict. It was found that the traditional news outlets use the new media because it is cost-effective and have instantaneous outreach to maximum number of netizens. The new tools of communication offer multimedia platforms where conflict-related text, videos and images can be posted simultaneously. The study proposes to conduct future research on media-conflict relationship by focusing the use of new communication tools by the traditional media
 
Rahayu
2012
 
An Appraisal Analysis of Texts Exposing French Ban on Hijab Taken From Inminds.co.uk and Theage.com (Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)
 
This research explored the appraisal system on two texts exposing French Ban on Hijab Taken from inminds.co.uk and Theage.com. These texts were analyzed using Appraisal Theory, which concerned with attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find out the attitudes applied in those texts; the functions of the attitudes toward the texts; the ideologies of the texts; and the reason why they were applied. This was a descriptive qualitative research with total sampling technique. There were two types of data in this research. The primary data were taken from the two analyzed texts and the secondary were the information of French Hijab Ban, as well as the information of the writer. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, judgment, and appreciation) are applied in the texts. The engagement is mostly heterogloss, and the mostly graduation is force. The employment of attitudes influences the texts in term of prosody, ideology and also genre. Recount Genre is laid in letter text on newsletter in inminds.co.uk website and news items is laid in theage.com website. The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that the writer wants to convey. The ideologies are Left protagonist for letter text from inminds.co.uk websites and Right protagonist for news items text from theage.com websites. In the first text, it is shown that the writer employs more negative attitudes due to the writer’s disapproval toward the Hijab Ban issue. Meanwhile, the writer of the second text put more positive attitudes since she supports the Hijab Ban. Based on the conclusion, it is recommended for other researcher to analyze appraisal in wider genre and in the other language. Further, it is expected that this research will be beneficial for future research in Systemic Functional Linguistic especially dealing with appraisal analysis.
 
Songsukrujiroad
Praphan
2015
 
Appraisal Analysis: Thailand in the View of Phnom Penh Post on the Preah Vihear Issue
 
The purpose of this study is to illustrate ways in which Discourse Analysis (DA) looks at the Preah Vihear issue written in the news articles of the main English newspaper of Cambodia, The Phnom Penh Post, from July to October 2008. This period is selected for the study because the situational conflict between Cambodia and Thailand concerning the Preah Vihear Temple affected most citizens and the images of both countries. Further, the conflict also greatly concerned other ASEAN countries, as well as those worldwide. The researcher beleives that the news presentation on this issue written by the Phnom Penh Post is one of the key factors which influenced the readers’ perception and reaction in both countries. Attitude domain—one of the semantic domains of the Appraisal framework (Martin & White, 2005) is selected to uncover the underlying meaning in the texts of the newspaper to indicate how discourses were constructed and the selected discourse semantic categories work under the themes that are set. The results of the study reveal through the linguistic features which are analyzed and classified into the three discourse patterns under the three themes set that Thailand is evaluated negatively compared with Cambodia which is evaluated positively. Keywords: Discourse Analysis, Newspapers, Preah Vihear, Appraisal, Attitude Domain
 
 
Novita
Sujatna
2020
 
AFFECT ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND THE JAKARTA GLOBE: A STUDY OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS
Metahumaniora
This study explores the affect of appraisal systems by comparing the crime news in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. There were six texts of the crime news that were classified into the same topics. These texts were analysed using Appraisal Systems Theory (Martin & White, 2005). The objectives of the present study are to find out the differences of the affect of crime news in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe and then to know the types of appraising items in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. The data is analysed by using the mixed method research. The present writer found out that the writers in The Jakarta Globe present the affect dominantly. The Jakarta Globe shows 63,8% of affect and it is dominated by the affect of dis/satisfaction. However, The Jakarta Post shows 36,2% of affect and it is dominated by the affect of in/security. In addition, the types of appraising items that occur in the affect of crime news are mental process, behavioural process, relational process, attitudinal lexis, minor clause, epithet and grammatical item.
 
 
Maulana
Santosa
2020
Evaluative Language Maintenance and Shift on Vice-Presidential Candidates Reportage: Translation Analysis of ‘The Conversation’ Political News
 
 
Background: This paper seeks to shed some light concerning on evaluative language maintenance and shift at translation phenomenon of online news. Though this translation issue is frequently discussed in academic discourse, little has been concerned on comprehending to what extent the evaluation used in political news has been retained of shifted in their target texts. Methodology: Three political news articles published on ‘The Conversation’ online media were selected for the analysis. For doing so, appraisal system and translation technique theory-based concepts were adopted to guide the analysis as well as the discussion. We employed a noteworthy move in terms of data collection technique, that is focus-group discussion by involving a number of experts who are engaged in the field of linguistics and translation studies. Findings: This research findings can be understood as evaluative language maintenance dominating the data compared to translation shift. Translators attempted to bridge Indonesian readers by rendering some ideologically news, with the aim of knocking language distance down between English and Indonesian texts. Meanwhile, a plenty of translation techniques encourage translator awareness to take position upon rendering ideological news, in case of retaining, altering, as well as omitting the constructed meanings. Conclusion: It is pivotal, as a consequence, to increase news translators’ awareness of understanding attitude constructed in political news. Otherwise, there will be reframing phenomena as the cause of translators’ intervention depriving readers’ rights to understand mass media attitude.   
 
Keywords: evaluative language; translation; political news
 
 
Kemble
2020
As Good as the Men ? A Corpus Analysis of Evaluation in News Articles about Professional Female Athletes Competing in ‘ Masculine ’ Sports
 
This study combines corpus-linguistics with Critical Discourse Analysis using a model of evaluation from Systemic Functional Linguistics (appraisal) to investigate how the Australian print media portray female athletes in male-dominated sports. Historically, researchers have noted the persistence of patriarchal discourses in media reporting of female athletes and sports. However, much of this research sits outside the discipline of linguistics and tends to focus on individual or gender-neutral sports. As such, this study expands the existing research by undertaking a mixed-method approach and focussing on a ‘masculine’ team sport. The landmark event of the new professional women’s Australian Football League (AFLW) in 2017 presents a unique opportunity to study how female athletes entering an all-male sporting sphere are portrayed in the media. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate how the new AFLW competition and players are represented with respect to dominant patriarchal discourses. To undertake this research, a specialised corpus of news articles from the Herald Sun newspaper is analysed. Findings from the keyword analysis point towards a potential shift away from biased language, although the qualitative text analysis reveals a biased narrative of negative comparison to male AFL players, thus reinforcing Australian Football as a stereotypically male sporting domain.
 
 
Fadhila
2012
An Appraisal Analysis of Two Texts Exposing the Controversy of Balibo Five Film Taken From www.thejakartapost.com (A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)
This research explores the appraisal system in two texts exposing the controversy of Balibo Film taken from www.thejakartapost.com. The two texts entitled “Remembering the 1975 Balibo Incident: An Opportunity to Correct Past Wrong?” and “By the way: A ban that boomerangs back on us”, are analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory concerns with attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis are to determine the attitudes discovered in the texts, to find out the effects of the attitudes toward the texts, and to know the reason why the attitudes are used in the texts. This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The technique of taking sample used in this research is purposive sampling. There are two data in this research, the primary data which consist of detailed and depth linguistic phenomena about the types of attitudes: evaluating things (appreciation), people?s characters (judgement), and their feeling (affect); and the secondary data which consist of the information about the 1975 Balibo incident and the text?s writer. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and appreciation) are applied in the texts, but mostly is appreciation. The engagement is mostly monogloss, and the moslty graduation is focus. The texts are applied in Hortatory and Analytical Exposition genre, and the texts are applied subjectively based on the writer?s opinion. The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that the text writer wants to convey. The ideologies are left antagonist for text 1 and right antagonist for text 2. The ideology shows the writer?s style in writing news text that he supports or challenges the issue.
 
 
Redchyts
Polishchuk
2022
 
METHODS OF TRANSFERRING SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE GERMAN NEWS DISCOURSE)
Current issues of linguistics and translations studies
News discourse is one of the most important components of human social existence, a means of spiritual and intellectual influence, a powerful channel for the dissemination of ideas. It is characterized by logicality, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal and the corresponding language means. In news texts, various types of syntactic constructions are widely used, which give speech power and persuasiveness, colorfulness and imagery. The object of research is syntactic constructions in news texts. The purpose of the work is to identify the specifics of the functioning of syntactic constructions in German-language texts and to identify ways to translate them. The main methods are descriptive and comparative, elements of contextual analysis were also used. The material of the study was the news texts of the popular German news site tagesschau.de, from which about 120 cases of using various syntactic constructions were identified and analyzed using the continuous sampling method. The theoretical significance lies in the fact that syntactic units were studied in terms of their meaning, structure, composition, functional and semantic features. Particular attention is paid to the translation of German constructions with a extended attribute and German prepositions, which are most often used in German news texts. It is proved that the German extended attribute has significant structural differences from the Ukrainian one, and the translation of German constructions with prepositional phrases requires not only knowledge of all the meanings of prepositions, but also the peculiarities of their positional arrangement in the news text. In addition, a description of the news discourse is given, its specific features, tasks, and main functions are identified. The practical significance lies in the fact that the material of this study can be used to conduct special courses on general syntax and in teaching journalists the German language.
 
 
Wabl
DeBoer
2022
Serious Illness Communication in Cancer Care in Africa: A Scoping Review of Empirical Research
JCO Global Oncology
PURPOSE Serious illness communication (SIC) in cancer care describes conversations between clinicians, patients, and families about prognosis and treatment decisions. Cultural context influences SIC. Researchers have studied SIC across diverse settings in Africa. We aimed to describe and synthesize the heterogeneous body of research on SIC practices, preferences, and needs in Africa to identify research and training priorities. METHODS Our search strategy identified studies that focused on SIC within cancer or palliative care in Africa. Following PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed using PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, African Index Medicus, and PsycINFO, yielding 1811 unique titles. After sequential review of abstracts, full text, and cited references, 42 articles met inclusion criteria. Quantitative and qualitative data describing study characteristics, aims, methods, and findings were abstracted and analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Critical appraisal was performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS The 42 included articles were published from 1997-2021, half since 2017, representing 16 countries and all African Union regions: West (33%), East (29%), South (21%), North (12%), and Central (5%). Most study designs were qualitative (45%) or quantitative surveys (50%). Study participants included patients (35%), family caregivers (18%), doctors (18%), nurses (12%), and/or other (11%). Study aims focused on disclosure of diagnosis (27%) or prognosis (20%), breaking bad news (15%), general patient-clinician communication (12%), truth-telling (8%), shared decision-making (7%), information needs/preferences (5%), and/or advance care planning (5%). Despite diverse contexts, common themes emerged. Study authors frequently recommended communication skills training. Critical appraisal demonstrated high quality of studies overall. CONCLUSION Research on SIC in Africa has increased in recent years. Most studies have focused on information delivery by clinicians; fewer on eliciting information from patients (eg, shared decision-making, advanced care planning). Significant opportunities exist for further study and for communication skills training.
 
 
Novita
2019
ENGAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND THE JAKARTA GLOBE: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC STUDY
JELA (Journal of English Language Teaching, Literature and Applied Linguistics)
This research explores the application of Appraisal Theory, more specifically, its sub-system Engagement. There were six texts of the Crime News taken from The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe and they were classified into the same topics. The present research aims at comparing the engagement of crime news in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe employed by appraisal theory. Through this research, the researcher wants to know whether The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe describe the Crime News in Subjective or Objective. It applies quantitative and qualitative methods. The technique used in this research was the total sampling technique since all the data that contains appraising items become the data of this research.
 
 
Orts
2018
A Bilingual, Bicultural Approach to Detachment and Appraisal in the Law: Tracing Impersonality and Interaction in English and Spanish Legal Op-Eds
 
 

2011
A comparative analysis of appraisal between editorial and opinion column exposing Ahmadiyah issue published on The Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta Post Websites (A study based on systemic functional linguistics)
 
Idha Dwi Prasetyo. 2011. A Comparative Analysis of Appraisal between Editorial and Opinion Column Exposing Ahmadiyah Issue Published on The Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta Post Websites (A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics). English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Sebelas Maret University. This research explored the appraisal system in the editorial and opinion column exposing issue of Ahmadiyah, taken from Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. There were four texts that were analyzed. They were four texts of editorial and opinion taken from The Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. These texts were analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory is concerned with attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find out the atttudes applied in those texts; the influence of the attitudes toward the texts; the similarities and differences of the texts; and why they were applied, including the ideology. This was a descriptive qualitative research. The technique used in this research was total sampling since all data containing appraising items become the data of this research. There were two data in this research. The primary data was taken from the four analyzed texts and the secondary were the information of media Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post, as well as the information of the writer taken from other news related to the Ahmadiyah news. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and appreciation) are applied in the texts. From the analysis, there are two kinds of attiudes applied dominantly in the texts, they are Judgement and Appreciation with positive and negative attitudes. The engagement is mostly monogloss, and the moslty graduation is force. The employment of attitudes influence the texts in term of prosody, ideology and also genre. Hortatory exposition is laid in editorial published on Jakarta Globe Website; analytical exposition is laid in editorial from Jakarta Post Website, while discussion genre is employed in opinion texts published on Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Website. The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that the writer wants to convey. The ideologies are Left antagonist for editorial text from Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites and right protagonist for opinion texts from Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. From the analysis, the ideology of the media and the writer become an important one to influence the ideology of the texts. Both of media Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post tend to be negative in its editorials because the media wants to put its contradictory position toward the issue of violence attack and religious persecution toward Ahmadiyah. Meanwhile, opinion text is written individually. Therefore, the story or background of the writer may influence the ideology of the texts. In this case, both writers tend to give positive evaluation toward the issue of Ahmadiyah. Based on the sources, both of them really have.
 
 
Wang
2015
The Appraisal of the Artistry of Quatation of Qian Zhongshu's Huaiju Poetry
Based on qian zhongshu’s traditional poetry "huai poly poem deposit for dibon,the research emphasizes on artistry of the quotation in the creating of old-style poems, takes the four skills in the creating of Mr. Qian’s poems for an illustration and makes a simple analysis. His attitude of waiting for the chance of appearance, changing what he’ve learned into talent, quoting every proverb measurably is actually a typical feature during his creation. The locust poly poem deposit last book in the book is Mr Qian zhongshu in his hand, and Mr. Qian only one left in the world of poetry, is made by Mr. Qian calendar life, successively in "the book of jun poem", "the book of jun nearly poem", "huai Wu poem", and issue the "tsinghua weekly", "AIRS," new ", "xinmin evening news", "autumn" and other magazines in Hong Kong all psalm JingXuanBen, Mr Is created but collects gathers. Poems were recorded author poetry creation by 173 between 1934 and 1989 (in the poems of a title), content involves people recollect the past, see the scenery, for yours friends and bluntly, etc., with SiYan, wu and oblique four-line but is given priority to, such as no CiFu verse, etc. Poetry creation in the process, "yun" is an ancient way of commonly used rhetoric. "Luck" is quoted allusions in his works, the ancient story or have the origin to the original words, to achieve JieGuYuJin, concise or talk about meaning of the effect. Mr. Qian is a scholar, in a talent, and be in harmony for the integration of ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign academic "kunlun", its make it full of profound remoter mind and knowledge and literature made the numerous allusions in text to spill out, and make his poems on "beginning to have the source but not yet shipped" bright characteristics, as a poem "poem", eight lines with more than 20 allusions, read only feeling rich "ShuXiangQi". Again, such as "the heart", such as the classic of shoulder pain, is also because, with a pun, interesting. Sir, though there are some poems such as "the heart", "dinin to dream again", "sad", "when midnight songs", such as the qingming festival slogan "no allusions, but rare in the poem to save. Mr. Qian, author of locust poly poem deposit is because art, the author sums up three kinds of circumstances: 1, pure with allusions, the meaning of allusion with the author's meaning, difficult points each other. Our country the ancients to the "head" of the highest requirement is "head not sleep, if her language also" . Asked the author to have superb skills, allusions to the harmony of fiber and flesh of his work, extinguish because all the chisel marks and needle and thread, understand the allusion of the readers more lenovo and taste. Mr. Qian in creative practice is to achieve the allusions and other figures of speech and the context of the baked trust with aesthetic pursuit harmony together, "head not make people feel". Such as "lake lemone namely mesh" ", midnight not hold carry to China's own good lake mountain." Before use "zhuangzi · great master" "hide, boat, hidden mountain in jersey, is solid, but the midnight of negative and go strong, the mei know also" the Canon of after an inverted dongpo "drunk WangHu of June 27th floor of the five" "more on I had no home to live, good home without the lake mountain". Then Mr Such as 1934 fewer for the return of the native miscellaneous poems "also when the morning window arouse listen to sentence:" study on the basis of standard must from yi-qing liu song "focuses on" "in the song dynasty and jin yanzhou secretariat of pei countries, (have) a better buy chicken, taste love even, a constant cage International Conference on Education Technology, Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2015) © 2015. The authors Published by Atlantis Press 528 between the Windows. Hence the chattering, chicken and place to talk about, very have wisdom, ceaseless all day long. In cases of so big work into." (see also "the art type" this) to tang Luo Yin the topic Yuan Xi younglab people "in the" chicken night still open window scroll, fish sill spring exhibition line." Again to han yu's "first, give walks swim south 16" arouse the window all start, rush day belongs to the west." This a few allusions to reasoning: "window dressing" window "chicken" is the cult of the author barrage tenements intellect, built as a "morning" window, under the "call" the word points clear, response window "chicken" of chicken, because and make people unconsciously. 2, "ready-made allusions analogy literally, own new idea; the fault and its serious, sit real thought forced". Goethe teach composition when once said: "composition when bees as a model of reading, read widely and proceed from melting flowers to form blindly, both history and does not have." Mr. Qian can be said to be "well-read and proceed from melting flowers form blindly" master of creation. His creation has a class description on looks "is history", but "will be wrong and seriously, its real thought forced", "innovative", it is difficult to put them one by one accordingly, because they already have new forms, new contents and new fun and allusions in it is like "water fe, glue is blue in color. Decision is to have, but and its shape". If less Mr. Qian for the return of the native miscellaneous poems "shallow dream deep curtain man did not wake up, sleep sound street called butcher Song xing." Can act "curtain", "deep" (hidden in the deep courtyard), "dream", can not sleep depth theory, and the author slants to the "shallow dream" and "the curtain", that is virtual and reality, but because the wine for the 'in', so it can be "cut off"; both the principality, thus the seductions' meat 'and are' curtain 'can' locked 'reason' dream 'dream since the "light". Again, such as the occasional book book of poetry by born 26 years ago DianXie wave flow like dust after book chapter ten "in the age of" old cream used since the new snow, cold see ice appearance "by the way, there is no origin" snow ", but because of lu you have "patio spring" : "the time change, sigh a belt around left, some new temples to frost." A canonical, said lu you have cream "new", then when can I had been thought that forced "sit" to "old" snow, abandon new Chen. Author once since the cloud: "must be both than bamboo, so as wind; ant is effective, so should fly; blood comb 'room number already, also open an account. Both ready-made allusions analogy literally, own new idea; the fault and its serious, sit real thought forced", as a solution. Him as a "Shanghai west village in WenXiao Angle" : "at first dream broken glue is difficult to continue, gradually bring sorrow to cut the mo." "The dream" like a lyre, reason to renew glue; Sorrow as creeping weed, so cut and mo can eliminate. "Tears" : "means such as ink Jian often difficult net, if for field irrigation was not deep." Than the "meaning" is the "ink", namely "hard Jian net"; Than "love" as the "field", namely "irrigation is not deep," and so on. Can this kind of allusion, is the most representative economist creation, is also the hardest place to analysis. We like to explore their origins or educational background, or it is think of as "see ZhuangFu of abdomen fruit skin of masters of judah, to the ox. Sheep, ask people one by one source of strength, what a ridiculous", if we categorically specified is origin or remote socket in which a description or allusions, or lost again far-fetched, but if we say Mr. Qian is inspired and influenced by the lift of the Canon of, ready-made allusions analogy literally, own new idea; Is gather qunfang, and then be blindly, it is not wrong at all. 3, and abandon its meaning with the word, the meaning of the author and the original allusion basic has nothing to do. Such as "fog" "pneumatosis without cutting into the muddy day, hanging cloud sea Liu Quan sink." Said the fog, poetic flavour is very big, as when the chaos at the beginning of open, sea of clouds cover over all the land. Poem "pneumatosis" for "example, tianrui" "qi someone sorrow collapse of heaven and earth, was killed by us, could not waste; and mixed his concerns, due to xiao zhi, said, 'oh, pneumatosis ears, wu wu qi.'" "muddy day" for our "peaceful" volume 2 lead sorted the day chinese-speaking yue: "speech objects are three: a week of time, two yue xuan night, three yue muddy day." "Cloud" of the zhuang zi, xiao yao you "peng's back, and I do not know its thousands of; anger and fly, if its wing hang down in a cloud of the sky." Su shi "the river, the winter that is something" : "day spring Yin hang cloud heavy. Sit in half drunk, outside the curtain will deep snow." "Bathygenic" out of "zhuang zi, the Yang" : "the party and the violations, and despise and the burden of heart, is bathygenic also." Wang chong "on short scale,
 

Indrayani
Sudana
2019
Language Usage in the Comments Section of Sexual Harassment News
Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society
Language usage flexibility is a common thing shown in the comment sections on various online media. This phenomenon emerges in the politeness of language usage in readers’ responses. By using the Appraisal System and CMDA (Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis), this study aims at describing the meaning of chosen words by readers and revealing communication context in readers’ responses to the Baiq Nuril case on Detik.com. The research data was from the top half of the readers’ which had the highest level of popularity in the comments section. In addition, the data were taken from three popular news texts of Baiq Nuril case; the popularity is based on the highest number of readers’ responses. As a result, this research found two things. First, the commenters used words that tend to judge and have a negative meaning. Second, the communication context in readers’ responses toward sexual harassment news tend to intimidating, humiliating, and confrontational either the news’ content or among the readers' responses. These results show that a controversial theme of a news text may lead to many negative responses.
 
 
Gregory
McCrum
2023
E049 The Initial Impacts of the UK-Wide Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework
Rheumatology
The Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework, first published September 2021, was developed to describe the physiotherapy-specific skills and knowledge unique to the speciality and to act as a profession standard. Dissemination strategies for the framework included profiling through professional organisations, specialist interest groups and online via Twitter and ResearchGate. This project aims to describe the initial dissemination of the Framework and to provide an evaluation of the areas of impact within rheumatology networks. An appraisal was undertaken in October 2022 on how widely the Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework has been used and embedded in UK clinical practice and service delivery. Evaluation strategies included data on downloads since publication and a brief online survey of a convenience sample of experienced, specialist rheumatology physiotherapists. The open-ended survey question asked for “implementation feedback on your use of the framework” and allowed undirected free-text comments. Responses were analysed using qualitative content and thematic analysis. The framework has been downloaded from the British Society for Rheumatology website 154 times and the launch news story on the BSR website has been viewed 4145 times; the Framework has been accessed 354 times from ResearchGate; analysis of impact on the Twitter shows 33 tweets, 238 likes and 95 “re-tweets”. Thematic analysis identified four key areas of use of the framework:(i) Increasing awareness of the physiotherapy role in a Rheumatology service(ii) Personal and team professional development(iii) Recruitment, job matching, re-banding and promotion(iv) Referral pathways and service improvement. Quotes from the survey responses are collated according to these identified themes in Table 1. In its first year of publication, this brief survey indicates that the Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework has already started to accomplish many of the aims of its development. The ability for individuals and services to compare their capabilities to an agreed national standard is supporting staff and services in valuable ways. Service improvement projects have been an additional benefit of the framework. It has already become fairly well embedded in UK rheumatology practice; however, further dissemination, awareness-raising strategies and utilisation support are required to fully accomplish its aims. Disclosure W.J. Gregory: Honoraria; W.G. has received honoraria for speaker and advisory board from Abbvie, Novartis and Pfizer. H. Chambers: None. C. McCrum: Honoraria; C.McC. has received speaker honoraria from Novartis. Grants/research support; C.McC. has received a funding grant from Janssen.
 
 
Nugroho
2020
ANALISIS SISTEM APRAISAL PADA ARTIKEL PORTAL BERITA ONLINE LIPUTAN 6 YANG BERJUDUL CLAUDIA SI CANTIK PEMIMPIN KARTEL NARKOBA MIRIP KIM KARDASHIAN
 
PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics
This reserach focus on apprasisal system analysis on an article entitled”Claudia si cantik pemimpin kartel narkoba mirip Kim Kadarshian”. In this reserach the researcher uses descriptive qualitative method, the data is taken form the news portal liputan6.com that’s afiliated in Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV). That text is analyzed by using appraisal system that focuse on attitude (affect, judgement, and appreciation) amplifying  attitude and source of attitude (graduation). The result of this reserach shows that there are many positive apresiataion on Claudia eventhough Claudia is a drug lord.  
 
 
Sakinah
2018
SHIFTS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANINGS IN TRANSLATED NEWS REPORTS OF AN INDONESIAN LOCAL NEWSPAPER
This research aims to analyze the interpersonal meanings shifts of the translated articles in Pikiran Rakyat as a local newspaper, and investigates how the shifts realize potential ideological meanings. This study applies a qualitative method of data collection and analysis. The data of this study were taken from articles written in Pikiran Rakyat and its original sources were taken from BBC and The Guardian news portals. The data were analyzed by using Appraisal Theory which was developed by Martin and White (2005). The analysis shows that the shifts comprised clause shifts, subject shifts, and appraisal shifts. Clause shift was employed in the titles of the translated articles and it affects the focus of the report in the articles. Subject shift was employed to diminish subjectivity, to add distance to the topic that is being talked about, and to make the readers discover what is delivered in the articles. In terms of appraisal shifts, the most dominant sub-strategy employed was the employment of intensifying appraisal items on the target texts to deliver the news as equivalent to the original texts. The potential ideological meanings found in the translated articles were affected by the local newspaper’s value. These findings confirm Al-Mohannadi’s (2008) and Pan’s (2014) studies that interpersonal meanings in translated news reports are determined by the translators and that media play role to mediate news. -----
 
 
Ehret
Taboada
2020
The interplay of complexity and subjectivity in opinionated discourse
 
This paper brings together cutting-edge, quantitative corpus methodologies and discourse analysis to explore the relationship between text complexity and subjectivity as descriptive features of opinionated language. We are specifically interested in how text complexity and markers of subjectivity and argumentation interact in opinionated discourse. Our contributions include the marriage of quantitative approaches to text complexity with corpus linguistic methods for the study of subjectivity, in addition to large-scale analyses of evaluative discourse. As our corpus, we use the Simon Fraser Opinion and Comments Corpus (SOCC), which comprises approximately 10,000 opinion articles and the corresponding reader comments from the Canadian online newspaper The Globe and Mail, as well as a parallel corpus of hard news articles also sampled from The Globe and Mail. Methodologically, we combine conditional inference trees with the analysis of random forests, an ensemble learning technique, to investigate the interplay between text complexity and subjectivity. Text complexity is defined in terms of Kolmogorov complexity, that is, the complexity of a text is measured based on its description length. In this approach, texts which can be described more efficiently are considered to be linguistically less complex. Thus, Kolmogorov complexity is a measure of structural surface redundancy. Our take on subjectivity is inspired by research in evaluative language, stance and Appraisal and defined as the expression of evaluation and opinion in language. Drawing on a sentiment analysis lexicon and the literature on stance markers, a custom set of subjectivity and argumentation markers is created. The results show that complexity can be a powerful tool in the classification of text into different text types, and that stance adverbials serve as distinctive features of subjectivity in online news comments.
 
 
White
2002
Appraisal - the Language of Evaluation and Stance
elaine boyd academia edu, the language of evaluation appraisal in english amazon, the language of evaluation appraisal in english j, appraising appraisal mary macken horarik and anne r isaac, the language of evaluation hci research, white appraisal, buy the language of evaluation appraisal in english book, beyond exchange appraisal systems in english 0 citeseerx, key references appraisal theory homepage, evaluation stance appraisal research papers academia edu, 9780198299868 evaluation in text authorial stance and, 9781403904096 the language of evaluation appraisal in, lll language linguistics amp learning corpus approaches, fuoli annotating appraisal in text and corpora 4 0, stance linguistics revolvy, contemporary english language journalism is the site of a, appraisal the language of evaluation and stance pdf download, identifying interpersonal stance in threatening discourse, free download here pdfsdocuments2 com, british newspapers stance towards the syrian refugee, adelaide research amp scholarship appraisal the language, the language of evaluation appraisal in english j, the language of evaluation appraisal in english ran zhu, the language of evaluation appraisal in english request pdf, the language of evaluation appraisal in english book, the language of evaluation appraisal in english, the language of evaluation appraisal in english j, appraising research evaluation in academic writing, dr peter white school of the arts amp media unsw australia, voice and stance as appraisal persuading and positioning, bibliography of appraisal stance and evaluation, appraisal theory in translation studies an introduction, the language of evaluation paralinguistic features as a, chapter 3 explaining the research design and rationale, the language of evaluation springer, the language of evaluation book douban com, yaser hadidi academia edu, author s personal copy language sciences the contribution, the language of evaluation by martin james r professor, adelaide research amp scholarship appraisal the language, stance and mediation in transediting news headlines as, an introductory course in appraisal analysis, the language of evaluation appraisal in english j, the language of evaluation appraisal in english ebook, the language of evaluation appraisal in english j, appraisal discourse analysis wikipedia, appraisal the language of attitudinal evaluation and, sebastian wagner university of augsburg academia edu.
 
 
Nadeau
Whittle
2012
Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content.
 
Content appraisal is a simple, qualitative system to identify modifications to make website material more useful to clientele. This system provides a comprehensive evaluation of content, focuses on content strategy, identifies weaknesses, and provides recommendations for improvement. The criteria examined included knowledge level, interrelatedness, relevance, usability, actionability, and differentiation. HorseQuest, a pioneer Community of Practice (CoP) for eXtension, was the first to apply a content appraisal process in an attempt to document the efficacy and impact of their web content. This appraisal system can be effectively used by other groups to help improve a website's usefulness to clientele. Introduction Content appraisal, a simple qualitative system, will provide Extension personnel and other website users with a method that is easy to use that ensures relevance and usefulness to clientele, increasing its effectiveness. Previous website analysis has focused mainly on the survey of users and the use of Web analytics software (Parish, 2011) or Neilsen's heuristics (Nielsen, 1994; Nielsen, 2005). Web analytics software, such as Google Analytics, provides detailed information regarding the use of a the website, including page views, average time users spend on pages, and bounce rate. Nielsen's heuristics are the 10 general principles for the design of the user interface, which focus on usability of a website. In contrast, the content appraisal system involves the thorough evaluation of content and results in a report that focuses on content strategy and identification of weaknesses and provides recommendations for improvement. HorseQuest, an eXtension Community of Practice (CoP), used this method to evaluate content Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM] on their site. The criteria examined included knowledge level, interrelatedness, relevance, usability, actionability, and differentiation. HorseQuest was the first CoP to create a content appraisal report based on these criteria. The purpose of analyzing the content on eXtension.org was to review the existing site for overall effectiveness and adherence to HorseQuest's goals. In the strategic content foundation for this project, these three organizational goals were identified: Empower people to make smart decisions that improve the quality of their lives. Provide credible, reliable, research-based information, tools, and solutions people can use. Bestow the knowledge from the best minds at land grant universities to the communityat-large. In addition, we've identified the following key guiding principles for content creation: Content developed by HorseQuest becomes part of that community. Content creators will be credited for their contributions, which may affect promotions and tenure. Content contributors should believe in collaborating on content—including letting others in the HorseQuest CoP make decisions about content they've created. Duplication of existing content should be avoided. Content contributors should strive to understand who their content is for—local audience vs. national audience; novice reader vs. expert reader. CoP content will need to change and evolve to meet the needs of the HorseQuest CoP audiences. (adapted from Brain Traffic's eXtension Qualitative Report, 2010) Materials and Methods The content appraisal report was organized by sections. Section one included the goals of the organization, a "what we did" section which described the scope, content selection, process of content appraisal, and appraisal attributes (criteria). Appraisal attributes included: Knowledge level—the level of specialized knowledge needed to understand website content. Interrelatedness—how well pieces of content link to other content on the website. Relevance—how current and of interest the contest is to the intended audience. Usability—the readability and effectiveness of the presentation of the content. Actionability—the explanation of a next step to be taken by the user. Differentiation—how the content fills a unique need or offers a unique perspective. Section two focused on HorseQuest's content performance, including the format of the content (including answers from our experts, articles, audio, learning lesson, video, news, or other such as glossary terms); appraisal attributes, which included knowledge level, interrelatedness, relevance, usability, actionability, and differentiation; and other observations including overall key findings. Section three discussed the number of pages appraised, areas for improvement and strengths of the site. Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM] Content Appraisal Results Content appraisal for this report covered 213 webpages. The focus of these results is Section 2, related to content performance, which other Extension professionals will likely find to be most relevant. Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding to the nearest whole number. Format of the material on the website was the first thing appraised (Table 1). Table 1. Format of the Material on the Website Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) Answer Content in Answers from our Experts 0.94% Article Content that is solely or primarily text 37.09% Audio Content that is solely or primarily sound files 0% Learning Lesson Online lessons or tools 2.35% News Content in In the News 0.94% Video Content that is solely or primarily video 2.81% Other Glossary terms, other 55.87% Subject matter knowledge level needed to understand or use the page was appraised (Table 2). Table 2. Subject Matter Knowledge Level Needed Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW No specialized knowledge is required or assumed. 45.07% 2MEDIUM Some knowledge is required. 48.83% 3-HIGH A high level of subject matter knowledge is required. 6.10% Interrelatedness (how the content fitted and linked to other content in the CoP) was appraised (Table 3). Table 3. Interrelatedness of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW Lack of working links to other content 29.11% Tone is inconsistent with other content in a Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM] way that’s strongly distracting. Content is off-topic 2MEDIUM Links exist but some are broken 25.82% Tone is moderately inconsistent with other CoP content Tags are mostly absent (e.g., only one tag and it’s non-specific) 3-HIGH Good links, tone, tags 45.07% Relevance (timeliness and interesting to the intended audience) was appraised (Table 4). Table 4. Relevance of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW Outdated, no longer relevant 1.88% 2MEDIUM Appears dated/stale or is of interest only to a small geographic area 5.63% 3-HIGH Timely or "evergreen" content 92.49% Usability, which focused on the content having clear, descriptive headings and subheadings, appropriate sentence and paragraph length, use of graphics, bullets, tables, charts, etc., where appropriate, and overall readability, was appraised (Table 5). Table 5. Usability of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW Numerous minor problems, a few moderate problems, or one major problem that seriously interferes with the content. 6.10% 2MEDIUM Minor to moderate problem(s). 29.58% 3-HIGH No significant problems. 64.32% Actionability, which focused on whether there was a clear next step for the current audience of the content and a means of facilitation of that step, was appraised (Table 6). Table 6. Actionability of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW No next steps given. 40.85% 2MEDIUM Next step is implied or vague; next step depends on a link that is broken; indirect or absent call to 15.02% Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM] action (CTA). 3-HIGH Next step is clear, specific, and stated explicitly; effective CTA. 44.13% Differentiation, which focused on whether the page filled a unique need, provided information or a perspective that is not readily available elsewhere, was appraised (Table 7). Table 7. Differentiation of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW Topic is better covered elsewhere, and page doesn't contribute to a strong body of content for HorseQuest 29.10% 2MEDIUM Information is generally known or topic is covered elsewhere, but page provides some modest benefit over other sources, or contribute to providing comprehensive information in HorseQuest 53.52% 3-HIGH Page offers a unique perspective, information not widely known, or better explanations than other sources. 17.38% Conclusions The content appraisal process helped the HorseQuest CoP analyze its existing online material and make improvements. It has also helped ensure that the website adheres to the CoP's organizational goals and guiding principles for content creation. Any content that received a low or medium rating is being examined and strengthened. The appraisal attributes used here are just a guideline; website creators can create their own set of standards. A solid content appraisal process can help address problem areas of a website as well as build upon strengths of the website to make content more usable to the audience. References Brain Traffic. (2010). eXtension Qualitative Report. Nielsen, J. (2005). Ten Usability Heuristics. Retrieved from: http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html Nielsen, J. (1994). Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems: Celebrating Interdependence, 152-158. Parish J. A. (2011). Website u
 
 
Ellyawati
2016
Analisis Wacana Kritis Teks Berita Kasus Terbongkarnya Perlakuan Istimewa terhadap Terpidana Suap Arthalyta Suryani pada Media Online
Every choice of meaning is ideologically motivated. Ideology is most effective when its working is least visible. Interpreting ideology in a text can be seen from the choice of vocabulary and its grammatical construction. To analyze it we need to interpret not just the text but also the relationship between text, and its social condition. According to Fairclough, they can be grouped in three steps, those are description, interpretation and explanation. The stage of description is concerned with formal properties of the text, the interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and its interactions, the explanation is concerned with the relationship between interpretation and social context. This research aims to analysis the coverage about the revealed case of preferential treatment of Arthalyta Suryani, a convicted bribe, at Pondok Bambu detention written by two online media these are detikNews.com and kompas.com by analyzing their appraisal system and their intertextuality. From the data analysis, ideology of the two media about this case can be seen. The data is taken from the news posted on January the tenth to twelfth 2010.  The methods used to analyze the data are referential method, substitusional method and abductive inference method.   Referential method is to analyze appraisal system and discursivity intertextuality of the text. In order to make the analysis of appraisal system valid, the substitusional method is needed. Then abductive inference method is needed to analyze manifest intertextuality of the text. From the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that every media has its own way to state its ideology. The ideology has closed relation with target market that is the reader. DetikNews.com is strightforward and short news, with incisive vocabulary choices, they are related to news item genre that detikNews.com has, but this media is lack of intertextuality. It makes the news superficial. On the other way, kompas.com has a deep coverage and strong intertextuality, it is suitable for someone who wants comprehensive information.
 
 
Sterle
2019
The Language of Appraisals in Articles About Ice Hockey
Media articles, regardless of the media in which they are published (e.g. news, a report, a notification), are generally expected to be characterized by balance and objectivity as one of their most important and identifiable characteristics. However, the results of the analysis show that this is not entirely true for the articles about ice hockey analysed in this thesis. Thus, the presence of a certain degree of subjectivity has been determined. In the thesis, the article was considered objective when the writer wrote about the facts and data that could be checked and did not reveal his/her emotions, presence or opinion. At the same time, the article was considered subjective when the writer was present in the article in a way that s/he revealed his/her emotions or s/he evaluated what was going on and/or the hockey players. For the analysis, the appraisal model developed in 2005 by Martin and White was used because it turned out to be the most useful as their appraisal categories (graduation, engagement, and attitude) cover all lexical choices, with which one shows his/her attitude or engagement or graduates something. Appraisal can be a single word or a phrase that indirectly/implicitly or directly/explicitly expresses one’s opinion, judgement, or engagement. According to the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (LDOCE), appraisal is “a statement or opinion judging the worth, value, or condition of something” (https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/appraisal), while the Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD, 8th Edition) defines it as “a judgement of the value, performance or nature of sb/sth” (OALD 2010: 62). The analysis of the articles was carried out with Computer Assisted Text Markup and Analysis (CATMA) platform. Objectives of the thesis were to research the differences in the use of appraisals in the articles that describe the same event, i.e. the ice hockey match. Thus, it was researched how the author’s presence and engagement were reflected through appraisal, and how much of subjectivity was present in the articles that were supposed to be objective. Next, I was interested in how the writer is positioned in the articles which report about the winning team, and how in the articles reporting about the losing team. Finally, it was researched which types of appraisal were used in three articles which report about the same match and were published on the official web sites of Los Angeles Kings and Colorado Avalanche, and in the article that was published in a neutral web media FOX Sports. The results showed that the articles that were published on the official web sites of the teams tended to be more subjective as numerous instances of the writer’s presence and engagement were found. On the other hand, the article from the neutral web site turned out to be the most objective and unbiased, even though some instances of the writer’s presence and engagement were found as well.

Lisowska-Magdziarz
2019
Fake news and the mediatised imagination
The mass media provide the auditoria with the attractive texts aiming mainly or solely at the powerful emotional and sensual stimulation. To the auditoria, these texts constitute the source of the narratives, heuristics, and interpretations handy in the description and representation of the world. Such a mediatised imagination facilitates spreading stereotypes, hearsay, and fake information. It is possible to describe a certain type of people’s cultural experiences in the mediatised society by means of a metaphor of the shock caused by the electric eel. The experience thus described is short and intense, composed of poignant sensations and strong emotions, still, devoid of any significant intellectual content. Such experiences provide a sense of detachment from reality and immersion into the alternative world, and participation in this world together with a large crowd of others. One can surmise that the experiential participation in culture contributes to the reshaping of social representations of various social phenomena, their altered evaluation, diffusion, and hierarchisation. It may be therefore co-responsible for the faith in the so-called post-truth, the dissemination of superstitions, the cultivation of stereotypes and prejudices, and the mediatisation of the imagination. The logic of suspicion and eclecticism of methodology The word “surmise” is being used consciously here, with the perfect awareness that in the academic discourse the conjectures need only be the basis for hypotheses empirically confirmable through an intersubjectively valid methodology. Hopefully, sometime such a methodology will be built. Meanwhile, the conjectures allow for the construction of an essay. It might be contributive to the discussion about the deep causes of the calamity that the massmediated distribution of fake news and the dissemination of post-truth has become in recent years. The distribution of fake news ruins the public sphere, distorts political choices of citizens, diminishes the prestige of science while bolstering the spreading of the common knowledge, and, releases demons hidden inside social stereotypes and prejudices. Technological explanations of this phenomenon lead to the easy attribution of blame to the social media tools: lo and behold, the reason fetched away as a result of the technical solutions enabling mass distribution and authentication of every, even the most absurd information both by humans and by the human-emulating algorithms. Sociological explanations point to the collapse of the social trust and the post-modern crisis of the worldordering “great narratives”. Political scientists describe the dangerous connections between the economic deprivation of the large groups of people and populism that uses their frustration to spread the totalitarian vision of reality. Each of these explanations touches the heart of the problem, but only to a certain extent. Media scholar/semiotician (which is the position of the author of this essay) is also unable to provide the key to its complete understanding. However, the media-socio-semiotic perspective may help to diagnose how the mediatised culture produces not only fake news on their own, but also the context incentivising their distribution, paired with people’s emotional and cognitive attitudes conducive to it. It can also indicate the cultural forces enabling the resistance against the posttruth invasion. The awareness of the inability to fully empirically validate the theses expressed in this essay has to lead to the partial scepticism as to the adopted heuristic and cognitive procedures. However, it does not have to lead to the complete disqualification of the applied methodology. It is instead useful to remind that its explicatory power is not absolute, so the used methods should be triangulated with the sociological, political and anthropological methodologies. Hence the methodological eclecticism: the use of socio-semiotic tools, sociological concepts and the achievements of communication science. The media studies, as a young discipline lacking a single unified Great Theory, feed on these encounters. Experiences and practices The metaphor of electric eel used at the beginning of this essay refers to the particular type of the experience of the media users, resulting from the comprehensive, very intense stimulation of their senses. It is based on the illusion of an intimate, direct physical reception of the cultural text, but in reality, it cannot do without the use of sense-enhancing technology. The technological mediation is also the source of the sense of togetherness, the co-participation in large aggregative processes, a kind of initiation binding the participants of the particular cultural event against the rest of the world. In concert with the character of our current culture such experiences happen to us incessantly during a concert, performance, match, exhibition, election rally, at the shopping mall and in front of a TV. They are pleasurable because of providing users with the emotional and sensory stimulations, even though they do not have to be joyful or cheerful, and sometimes they rely on arousing anger, fear or disgust. Although very strong, they are transient and temporary. They are basically unrepeatable, although the recipients can try to reprise them, and they have at their disposal the text and image registration devices allowing to do it to some extent. Media science theories of media dependency and the newer versions of the cultivation theory suggest that the recurring, longterm technologically mediated cultural experiences of this kind generate the particular reception attitudes. This can influence the acquirement of knowledge or shape various 1 S.J. Ball-Rokeach, J.Y. Jung, The evolution of media system dependency theory [in:] Sage handbook of media processes and effects, ed. R. Nabi, M.B. Oliver, Thousand Oaks 2009, pp. 531–544. 2 M. Morgan, J. Shanahan, Two decades of cultivation research: An appraisal and meta-analysis, “Annals of the International Communication Association”, 1997, 20, pp. 1–45, doi: 10.1080/23808985.1997.11678937 [access: 1.07.2018]. Also: M. Morgan, J. Shanahan, N. Signorelli, Yesterday's new cultivation, tomorrow, “Mass Communication and Society”, 2015, 18/5, pp. 674–699, doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1072725 [access: 1.07.2018]. people’s choices not only in the sphere of culture, but also in politics, education, consumption, or lifestyle. The experiential model of cultural reception is based on the synthesis of technologies and market mechanisms of the mediatised culture, mass-producing spectacular texts devoid of intellectual depth which then become powerful, collective experiences of large audiences. While pondering this type of media experiences, it is worth looking for a perspective allowing for the description of their social dimensions. The socio-semiotic theories of reception seem to be useful and applicative in this respect. Not without reason, Nick Couldry's work on media practices has been in recent years widely cited in Western academia and applied to explain various phenomena in the realm of social communication. The British communication sociologist, drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein and Teodor Schatzky, perceives the media use as a kind of social practice: the set of recurring human activities of universal, repetitive, routine, ritualised character, incident to the human needs of communication and interaction, cooperation, trust and freedom. Each time, they consist of the activity, co-related communication (production of discourse) and the re-ordering of the world knowledge, hierarchisation of the issues, establishment of the criteria of truth and accuracy of the collective interpretations of the various social phenomena. This clearly entails that practices are related to power, social hierarchy and knowledge production processes. Their repeatability and universality in our life lead to specific collective attitudes and values. Therefore, the collective and repetitive nature of media practices has considerable practical import. They enable the dissemination of certain types of discourse, shape the construction and transfer of knowledge, lead to naturalisation of particular representations of social life. The media practices constantly interact with the consumption, political, religious, health, educational and family practices which leads to the changes in the collective evaluation of the social phenomena, and in the uses of culture, the tastes, and preferences, consumer and political choices, and private decisions of people. Therefore the character of the media texts serving as the background for the most prevalent practices is of enormous importance. 3 N. Couldry, Media, society, world. Social theory and digital media practice, Cambridge 2012. See, by the same author: Media w kontekście praktyk. Próba teoretyczna [Theorising Media as Practice], “Kultura Popularna” 2010, 27/1, pp. 96–113. 4 T.R. Schatzky, Social practices: a Wittgensteinian approach to human activity and the social, New York 1996. 5 N. Couldry, Media, society, world..., op. cit., p. 34 et seq. 6 E. Shove, M. Pantzar, M. Watson, The dynamics of social practice: Everyday life and how it changes, London 2012. Convergence and unity The metaphor of an electric eel culture relates to the era of industrial production and distribution of experiences. Despite their repetitive nature, they are promoted by the cultural industry as unique, perception-altering, and unforgettable, whereas the technologicallysupported communication gives the access to the same “unique” experience to large numbers of people. Paradoxically, the cultural industry itself, while promoting the uniqueness of its products, uses different content, formal and distribution solutions to emphasise the collective character of the experiences of large human aggregates and encourage us to communicate with other users by means of the convergent interactive media. Such e
 
 
Munyao
2010
A Rhetirical Analysis of Lead Stories in Selected Kenyan Mainstream Newspapers and the Alternative Press
This study set out to investigate the rhetorical structures employed by news report writers to communicate persuasively and convincingly to their anticipated readerships. This was by comparing the mainstream newspapers and the alternative press. The study also investigated the clause relations which facilitate the interaction between the news report texts and their anticipated readerships. This was guided by Hoey's (1983) clause relations theory. Finally, the study investigated the writer's stance towards his reported message and the people they report about, with an aim of revealing the reporter's underlying attitude. The assumption here was that the reporters take certain stances towards their topics or the people they report on for a rhetorical purpose: to manipulate the reader. Tools for the analysis of stance were drawn from Martin and Rose's (2003) the stance and appraisal framework. A qualitative research design was adopted for this purpose. Data were purposively drawn from mainstream and alternative Kenyan newspapers. The lead stories were purposively sampled depending on the topical issue: political party politics. Stratified sampling was adopted to sample three reports per paper within the year 2008. This data was then analyzed. Three theoretical approaches guided this study namely: the Rhetorical Genre Approach, the Clause Relations Approach and the Appraisal Framework. The following findings emerged: The lead story in the mainstream newspapers adheres to the typical narrative structure. However, it portrays slight internal structural differences. Each component in the structure has a specific persuasive function that it plays in the reports. On the other hand, the lead story in the alterative press does not adhere to the typical narrative structure rendering them ineffective communicative tools. Where clause relations in the lead stories are appropriately signaled, they enhance interaction between the texts and their anticipated readerships. Mis-signaling or undersignaling of clause relations in the lead story hinders correct interpretation of the news stories. Lastly, news reporters mix their personal attitudes towards their messages or even the people they report about in an otherwise discourse field which advocates for objectivity and factuality. The study recommends the need for news writers to adhere to generic narrative structures in order to persuasively and effectively communicate to the readers. They should also appropriately signal clause relations to enhance interaction between the text and the reader. Reporters should consider the fact that they are writing to communicate effectively, they should therefore consider facilitating this interaction between them and the reader, and as such they should not under signal or mis-signal the clause relations. This may interfere with the reader's interpretation of the texts, hindering effective communication. Lastly, reporters should adhere to the journalistic ideals of objectivity and factuality even when reporting on emotional issues.
 
 
Indrayani
2019
REPRESENTASI KORBAN PELECEHAN SEKSUAL DAN RESEPSI PEMBACA PADA BERITA DI MEDIA DARING
Penelitian ini merupakan kombinasi analisis transitivitas, analisis resepsi, dan analisis appraisal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana korban pelecehan seksual direpresentasikan pada teks berita pelecehan seksual dan bagaimana sikap pembaca dalam menanggapi teks berita tersebut. Teks berita yang digunakan berasal dari Detik.com. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif untuk membahas fitur-fitur kebahasaan pada teks berita dan tanggapan pembaca. Maka, analisis transitivitas digunakan untuk mengetahui representasi korban pelecehan seksual yang tergambarkan pada teks berita di Detik.com pada kasus pelecehan seksual yang menimpa Baiq Nuril. Kemudian, penggunaan analisis attitude dari sistem appraisal ditujukan untuk melihat kecenderungan sikap pembaca dalam menanggapi teks berita. Selanjutnya, analisis resepsi dilakukan untuk mengetahui penerimaan pembaca terhadap berita pelecehan seksual yang terjadi pada Baiq Nuril. Hasilnya, penelitian ini berhasil menjawab tiga pertanyaan penelitian. Pertama, representasi korban pelecehan seksual yang digambarkan oleh Detik.com pada berita pelecehan seksual Baiq Nuril adalah korban dinyatakan sebagai korban pelecehan secara verbal. Kedua, sikap bahasa pada kolom tanggapan pembaca cenderung menunjukkan kata-kata judgement bermakna negatif. Ketiga, resepsi yang paling banyak terjadi pada kolom tanggapan pembaca adalah negotiated position. ABSTRACT This research is a mixture of transitivity, reception, and appraisal analysis. The purpose of this study is to see how a victim of sexual harassment is represented in the sexual harassment news text and how the reader’s response in responding to the news text. The news text used is from Detik.com. Data collection is done by library research. This study used a descriptive qualitative method to investigate linguistic features in news texts and reader responses. Thus, transitivity analysis is used to determine the representation of sexual harassment victim depicted in the news text on Detik.com in the case of sexual harassment that happened to Baiq Nuril. Then, the use of attitude analysis of the appraisal system is intended to see the tendency of readers’ attitudes in responding to the news texts. Furthermore, a reception analysis is conducted to determine the reader’s acceptance of the news texts. As the result, this research has answered three research questions. First, the representation of the sexual harassment victim described by Detik.com is that the victim was being harassed verbally. Second, the attitude of the readers tend to show the judgement words with negative meaning. Third, the most common reception category happened in the reader’s comment section is the negotiated position.
 
Gilbert
2016
'Friends', 'fans', and foes : identity performance through responses to Facebook brand marketing
 
This thesis is an investigation of a relatively recently-emerging type of social media discourse, where individuals reply to marketing and advertising messages that appear within their Facebook news feeds. Unlike in consumer discourse such as product reviews, the primary purpose of this interaction appears to be social in nature, due in part to the brand posts’ contextualization within the social space of the news feed. This thesis is concerned with the ways that responders ‘use’ news feed marketing messages as opportunities for the performance of identity, and how this is achieved linguistically through discursive exchange and evaluative language. This research question is approached through a triangulated discourse analytic approach grounded in Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004/2014), with a particular focus on the interpersonal dimension of meaning. The corpus includes 18 brand posts, consisting of images, text, and hyperlinks, and 540 comment responses. The first analytical layer is an analysis of the context of the interaction, which consists of a multimodal generic analysis of the form and function of the brand posts, as well as a description of the communicative purposes of responders (Martin & Rose, 2003; 2008). The second stage of analysis is a consideration of identity performance through interactive discourse exchange, using Negotiation analysis (Eggins & Slade, 1997; Martin, 1992). Finally, the third and central layer of analysis employs Appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005) to investigate performances of identity through evaluation of emotions, aesthetics, and ethics. While there is an increasingly large amount of quantitative research considering the use and effectiveness of this emerging advertising model, there is to date no qualitative linguistic research considering the role of identity in responses to brand messages. The present study addresses this gap in the literature, whilst also addressing methodological issues and suggesting adaptations for applying these linguistic frameworks to computer moderated communication
 
 
Bari
2015
Improving multilingual sentiment analysis using linguistic knowledge
The need for the automatic analysis of opinions in written texts, which has been growing in recent years in several domains, has made Sentiment Analysis a very popular field (Liu 2012). In this area, systems have been traditionally classifying sentences as positive or negative only in accordance to the sentiment that words most frequently assume (e.g. “angry” negative, “beautiful” positive). Such strategies present two main limitations: 1. Multiple opinions often appear in the same sentence, with each expressing an opposing sentiment on different subjects (e.g. a positive opinion is expressed on the plot of a film, but a negative one on the actors' performance). 2. The most frequent sentiment, collected in sentiment dictionaries, does not take into account the fact that context often alters the orientation. Sentiment dictionaries have also been demonstrated to have small coverage (Di Bari, Sharoff et al. 2013, Di Bari 2015). As a consequence, I propose an automatic system based on deep linguistic knowledge given in particular by dependency parsing relations (Nivre 2005) and by attributes taken from the Appraisal framework (Martin and White 2005), a theory concerned with the language of evaluation, attitude and emotion within Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday 1978). As a basis for the creation of the automatic system, I tailored an annotation scheme called SentiML inspired by previous works (Whitelaw, Garg et al. 2005, Bloom, Garg et al. 2007, Bloom and Argamon 2009) and carried out the annotation task in three languages (English, Italian and Russian) by using MAE (Stubbs 2011). The resulting corpora consist of around 500 sentences and 9000 tokens for each language. The corpora contain both original texts and translations of different types: news, political speeches and TED talks (Cettolo, Girardi et al. 2012). The foundation of SentiML lies in the fact that an opinion can be captured in a pair consisting of usually two words with different functions: a target as the expression the sentiment refers to, and a modifier as the expression conveying the sentiment. The pair consisting of the target and the modifier altogether is called appraisal group. Along with these main categories, the annotation includes their attributes, among which the most important are the appraisal type according to the Appraisal framework (‘affect’, ‘appreciation’, ‘judgement’) and the orientation (‘positive’ or ‘negative’, both out-of-context and contextual). A detailed manual analysis of the translation strategies (Baker 2002) and the appraisal types across the corpora, supported by insights from Corpus Linguistics has been carried out. The most interesting expressions found during such analysis have been automatically analysed afterwards with the aim of having a further evaluation of the system. Nonetheless, the main evaluation consists of a comparison with a rule-based system that makes use of already existing tools such as the part-of-speech (POS) tagger and the sentiment dictionary. The main objective of this work is to demonstrate that the Appraisal framework and Sentiment analysis can successfully support each other. The additional consideration that this has been done not only for English, but in parallel for Italian and Russian (and as one of the first applications of the Appraisal Framework in these languages) and for different text types, makes the research unique. Moreover, because the methodology used to compare a variety of linguistic features (morphological, grammatical, lexical, syntactical) at work in sentiment analysis has been applied to three languages belonging to different families (Germanic, Romance and Slavonic), it is expected to be generalizable to other languages. As far as the practical applications are concerned, the automatic system could be used in any field in which written opinions need to be analysed. In the meanwhile, the new individual resources such as the annotated corpora and the Maltparser models for Italian and Russian have been made publicly available.
 
DaCosta
2006
Dress Codes Blues: An Exploration of Urban Students' Reactions to a Public High School Uniform Policy.
 
This qualitative investigation explores the responses of 22 U.S. urban public high school students when confronted with their newly imposed school uniform policy. Specifically, the study assessed students' appraisals of the policy along with compliance and academic performance. Guided by ecological human development perspectives and grounded in theory-based qualitative analysis, the study elucidated the themes that emerged in relevant student narratives. Findings indicated that the overwhelming majority of students were opposed to and non-compliant with the school uniform policy, and that these responses were unrelated to school performance. Students developed oppositional strategies designed to undermine the policy and to retain some semblance of freedom and dignity. Suggestions for further research and policy are provided. THE NATIONAL CONTEXT The re-emergence of school uniforms as a policy in many U.S. public school districts has seemed timely. In the wake of media saturated with teenage horror stories such as news coverage and commentary of the 1999 Columbine tragedy and what these tragedies might represent in terms of adolescent individualism and alienation run amok, school uniforms appear to represent an ideal solution for creating homogeneity and, possibly, harmony in student populations. Such a unified body of youth would presumably be free to emerge without the otherwise obvious divisive markers of wealth, status, or gang affiliation. One might expect that the homogeneity provided by a uniform would especially ameliorate the urgent sense of needing to fit in with one's peers-particularly during the transition to high school, when so many developmental tasks need balancing by these youth (Rubinstein, 1995). But how might one reconcile this attempt to enforce such uniformity in the paramount American institution of socialization, when the American ideal elsewhere espouses a creed of individuality and freedom at all costs? For teenagers, the astute readers of fashion as social texts (Brumberg, 1997), what might a standardized dress policy come to represent, and what are their experiences in confronting such policy? Perhaps these questions are especially salient in urban contexts, which have served as epicenters for these public policy practices and debates, due to the need for innovative, pervasive reforms in these school districts. Many urban, minority youth are particularly in need of creative interventions for helping them negotiate their unique developmental challenges. Policies that are focused solely on the macro-structural problems in urban schools fail to take into account how such developmental needs will interact with such strategies. There are consequences to neglecting urban youth at a stage in their lives when they are searching for autonomy and responsibility. They have a need to exert power, but they are powerless. In the absence of such means, one can understand how appearance and clothing choices become the ultimate tools for meeting these needs. Hence, autocratically mandated uniform policies could understandably be met with resistance among "disenfranchised" urban youth. Less formal "dress codes," which are officially distinguished by an emphasis on what not to wear (Anderson, 2002), seem on the less stringent end of the continuum, and, thus, possibly fare better in these public school contexts. Nevertheless, some public schools have claimed uniform implementation "successes" (Holloman, LaPoint, Alleyne, Palmer, & Sanders-Phillips, 1996; U.S. Department of Education, 1996). Such cases are generally part of larger school missions to improve the educational climate. This juxtaposition in agendas might suggest that successful implementation of a public school uniform policy is based in the subtext of the strategy, that is, in the messages conveyed through the development and enforcement of the uniform policy. Is it a policy that is based on pride, membership, and inspiration, or on punishment, exclusion, and restriction? …
 
EllyawatiHettyCaturEllyawatiA
2010
Ideologi Pemberitaan Teks Kasus Terbongkarnya Perlakuan Istimewa Terhadap Terpidana Suap Arthalyta Suryani pada Media Online
 
Every choice of meaning is ideologically motivated. Ideology is most effective when its working is least visible. Interpreting ideology in a text can be seen from the choice of vocabulary and its grammatical construction. To analyze it we need to interpret not just the text but also the relationship between text, and its social condition. According to Fairclough they can be grouped in three steps those are description, interpretation and explanation. The stage of description is concerned with formal properties of the text, the interpretation is concerned with the relationship between text and its interactions, the explanation is concerned with the relationship between interpretation and social context. This research aims to analysis the coverage about the revealed case of preferential treatment of Arthalyta Suryani, a convicted bribe, at Pondok Bambu detention written by two online media these are detikNews.com and kompas.com by analyzing their appraisal system and their intertextuality. From the data analysis, ideology of the two media about this case can be seen. The data is taken from the news posted on January the tenth to twelfth 2010. The methods used to analyze the data are referential method to analyze appraisal system and discursivity intertextuality of the text. In order to make the analysis of appraisal system valid, the substitusional method is needed. Then abductive inference method is needed to analyze manifest intertextuality of the text. From the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that every media has its own way to state its ideology. The ideology has closed relation with target market that is the reader. DetikNews.com is strightforward and short news, with incisive vocabulary choices, they are related to news item genre that detikNews.com has, but this media is lack of intertextuality. It makes the news superficial. On the other way, kompas.com has a deep coverage and strong intertextuality, it is suitable for someone who wants comprehensive information. Keywords: critical discourse analysis, ideology, appraisal system, intertextuality. Setiap pilihan makna termotivasi secara ideologi. Pengaruh ideologi akan sangat efektif bila cara kerjanya tidak terdeteksi. Pada teks, interpretasi ideologi dapat dilihat dari pilihan kosakata serta struktur gramatika teks tersebut. Untuk menganalisisnya, tidak hanya dilakukan interpretasi teks tetapi juga interpretasi hubungan yang ada dalam teks tersebut serta kondisi-kondisi sosial yang melingkupinya. Menurut Fairclough, cara-cara analisis ini dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga tahap yaitu deskripsi, interpretasi dan eksplanasi. Tahap deskripsi berkaitan dengan bentuk formal teks, tahap interpretasi berhubungan dengan relasi antarteks dan interaksi di dalamnya. Sedangkan tahap eksplanasi merupakan tahap yang berkonsentrasi pada interpretasi teks yang dihubungkan dengan konteks sosial teks tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis liputan berita kasus terbongkarnya perlakuan istimewa terhadap terpidana suap Arthalyta Suryani di Rutan Pondok Bambu yang ditulis oleh dua media online yaitu detikNews.com dan kompas.com dengan menggunakan sistem appraisal serta intertekstualitas teks. Dari hasil analisisnya dapat diketahui ideologi atau sikap kedua media online ini terhadap kasus tersebut. Data diambil dari liputan yang terbit pada tanggal 10-12 Januari 2010. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis data adalah metode padan referensi, yaitu untuk menganalisis penggunaan sistem appraisal dan discursivity intertextuality pada teks. Sedangkan untuk validasi hasil analisis penggunaan sistem appraisal digunakan metode agih. Metode inferensi abduktif digunakan untuk menganalisis manifest intertextuality teks. Dari hasil analisis data, dapat disimpulkan bahwa setiap media memiliki caranya sendiri untuk menyatakan ideologi yang dimilikinya. Ideologi ini berhubungan dengan sasaran baca yaitu pembaca. Liputan berita detikNews.com adalah lugas dan pendek dengan ketajaman pilihan kosakata. Hal ini berhubungan dengan jenis genre yang dimilikinya yaitu news item. Tetapi, media ini tidak memiliki intertekstualitas yang kuat sehingga beritanya terkesan dangkal. Di lain pihak, kompas.com memiliki liputan berita yang dalam dan kaya akan intertekstualitas, sehingga liputan berita macam ini sesuai untuk pembaca yang ingin mendapatkan informasi yang komprehensif. Kata kunci: analisis wacana kritis, ideologi, sistem appraisal, intertekstualitas.
 
Duffield
Keshvani
2014
Old mastheads and new media : newspapers striving to adapt in Australia and South-east Asia
As a key element in their response to new media forcing transformations in mass media and media use, newspapers have deployed various strategies to not only establish online and mobile products, and develop healthy business plans, but to set out to be dominant portals. Their response to change was the subject of an early investigation by one of the present authors (Keshvani 2000). That was part of a set of short studies inquiring into what impact new software applications and digital convergence might have on journalism practice (Tickle and Keshvani 2000), and also looking for demonstrations of the way that innovations, technologies and protocols then under development might produce a “wireless, streamlined electronic news production process (Tickle and Keshvani 2001).” The newspaper study compared the online products of The Age in Melbourne and the Straits Times in Singapore. It provided an audit of the Singapore and Australia Information and Communications Technology (ICT) climate concentrating on the state of development of carrier networks, as a determining factor in the potential strength of the two services with their respective markets. In the outcome, contrary to initial expectations, the early cable roll-out and extensive ‘wiring’ of the city in Singapore had not produced a level of uptake of Internet services as strong as that achieved in Melbourne by more ad hoc and varied strategies. By interpretation, while news websites and online content were at an early stage of development everywhere, and much the same as one another, no determining structural imbalance existed to separate these leading media participants in Australia and South-east Asia. The present research revisits that situation, by again studying the online editions of the two large newspapers in the original study, and one other, The Courier Mail, (recognising the diversification of types of product in this field, by including it as a representative of Newscorp, now a major participant). The inquiry works through the principle of comparison. It is an exercise in qualitative, empirical research that establishes a comparison between the situation in 2000 as described in the earlier work, and the situation in 2014, after a decade of intense development in digital technology affecting the media industries. It is in that sense a follow-up study on the earlier work, although this time giving emphasis to content and style of the actual products as experienced by their users. It compares the online and print editions of each of these three newspapers; then the three mastheads as print and online entities, among themselves; and finally it compares one against the other two, as representing a South-east Asian model and Australian models. This exercise is accompanied by a review of literature on the developments in ICT affecting media production and media organisations, to establish the changed context. The new study of the online editions is conducted as a systematic appraisal of the first level, or principal screens, of the three publications, over the course of six days (10-15.2.14 inclusive). For this, categories for analysis were made, through conducting a preliminary examination of the products over three days in the week before. That process identified significant elements of media production, such as: variegated sourcing of materials; randomness in the presentation of items; differential production values among media platforms considered, whether text, video or stills images; the occasional repurposing and repackaging of top news stories of the day and the presence of standard news values – once again drawn out of the trial ‘bundle’ of journalistic items. Reduced in this way the online artefacts become comparable with the companion print editions from the same days. The categories devised and then used in the appraisal of the online products have been adapted to print, to give the closest match of sets of variables. This device, to study the two sets of publications on like standards -- essentially production values and news values—has enabled the comparisons to be made. This comparing of the online and print editions of each of the three publications was set up as up the first step in the investigation. In recognition of the nature of the artefacts, as ones that carry very diverse information by subject and level of depth, and involve heavy creative investment in the formulation and presentation of the information; the assessment also includes an open section for interpreting and commenting on main points of comparison. This takes the form of a field for text, for the insertion of notes, in the table employed for summarising the features of each product, for each day. When the sets of comparisons as outlined above are noted, the process then becomes interpretative, guided by the notion of change. In the context of changing media technology and publication processes, what substantive alterations have taken place, in the overall effort of news organisations in the print and online fields since 2001; and in their print and online products separately? Have they diverged or continued along similar lines? The remaining task is to begin to make inferences from that. Will the examination of findings enforce the proposition that a review of the earlier study, and a forensic review of new models, does provide evidence of the character and content of change --especially change in journalistic products and practice? Will it permit an authoritative description on of the essentials of such change in products and practice? Will it permit generalisation, and provide a reliable base for discussion of the implications of change, and future prospects? Preliminary observations suggest a more dynamic and diversified product has been developed in Singapore, well themed, obviously sustained by public commitment and habituation to diversified online and mobile media services. The Australian products suggest a concentrated corporate and journalistic effort and deployment of resources, with a strong market focus, but less settled and ordered, and showing signs of limitations imposed by the delay in establishing a uniform, large broadband network. The scope of the study is limited. It is intended to test, and take advantage of the original study as evidentiary material from the early days of newspaper companies’ experimentation with online formats. Both are small studies. The key opportunity for discovery lies in the ‘time capsule’ factor; the availability of well-gathered and processed information on major newspaper company production, at the threshold of a transformational decade of change in their industry. The comparison stands to identify key changes. It should also be useful as a reference for further inquiries of the same kind that might be made, and for monitoring of the situation in regard to newspaper portals on line, into the future.
 
Alba-Juez
2016
The subtle line between evaluation and emotion: broadsheet vs. tabloid headline discourse
In this presentation I will first discuss the findings of a previous comparative study on the variables of the evaluative functional relationship (Alba-Juez, forthcoming) as manifested in the headlines of on-line British broadsheets and tabloids, in which only a few significant differences were found in the expression of evaluation. These results triggered a further research question which was the point of departure of the present study and which will thus guide its development: Could it be that the main difference between the evaluative discourse of broadsheets and tabloids lay in the expression of the emotion attached to (but not so easily distinguished from) the evaluation? In order to answer this question, and taking into account that one characteristic usually attributed to tabloids in contrast with broadsheets is that they focus more on the emotional side of stories (e.g. Fowler 1991), I will take a theoretical standpoint to try to draw the delicate line between the phenomena of evaluation and emotion, and I will do so by presenting part of the work emanating from the EMO-FunDETT research project (FFI2013-47792-C2-1-P - http://www.uned.es/proyectofundett/ ). Based on Alba-Juez & Thompson’s (2014) definition of evaluation, I will discuss Thompson’s (2015) proposal regarding the common ground shared by the three main subsystems of Appraisal (Martin & White 2005) and both emotion talk and emotional talk (Bednarek 2008), trying to distinguish between those cases in which the emotion is enacted and those in which it is expressed, or, in Foolen’s (2012) terms, between the conceptualization and the expression of emotion. The corpus used consists of 200 articles taken from four different on-line British newspapers: two broadsheets, BBC Online and The Guardian , and two tabloids, The Mirror and The Daily Mail . The analysis will be multimodal, and will thus focus on the comparison of the evaluation/emotion found not only in the text of the headlines, but also in the images that accompany them in these two types of on-line press. The discussion will mainly be based on the observation that all newspaper articles (whether in tabloids or broadsheets) seem to contain a given evaluation and/or emotive tone that is generally condensed or made relevant in the headline space, where the main stance of the article is reflected, a stance that will most likely influence the reader’s decision to make the effort of reading the whole article, or on the contrary, to reject it in the first place. In conclusion, the research presented in this paper has both an empirical and a theoretical nature, for it will not only show the results of the analysis made regarding the evaluative/emotive differences between the headlines of tabloids and broadsheets, but will also elucidate how the system of emotion interacts or intertwines with that of evaluation, going on to define the former as distinct from the latter, even though the boundaries between one and the other are commonly known to be fuzzy, and have consequently been very difficult to establish by researchers on the topic to date. References: Alba-Juez, L. (forthcoming). Evaluation in the headlines of tabloids and broadsheets: A comparative study. In R. Breeze (ed.) Evaluation in media discourse: European perspectives. Berlin: Peter Lang. Alba-Juez, L. & Thompson, G. (2014). Chapter 1: The many faces and phases of evaluation. In Thompson, Geoff & Alba-Juez, Laura (eds), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 3-23. Bednarek, M. (2008). Emotion Talk across Corpora. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Foolen, A. (2012). The relevance of emotion for language and linguistics. En Foolen, Ad, Ludtke, U. M., Racine, T. P. & J. Zlatev (eds.) (2012). Moving Ourselves, Moving Others. Motion and Emotion in Intersubjectivity, Consciousness and Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the News. London: Routledge. Martin, J.R. & White, P.R.R. (2005). The language of Evaluation. Appraisal in English. Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Thompson, G. (2015). Emotional Talk, Emotion Talk, and Evaluation. Presentation given at the Jornada de Investigacion Emo-Fundett. Madrid, February 4th 2015. UNED.
 
 
McClain
2009
The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior
As the nature of the Internet rapidly changes to involve more user-to-user interaction, it becomes necessary to investigate the emotional and behavioral effects of interpersonal online communications. This study uses the theory of affective intelligence (Marcus, Neuman, & MacKuen, 2000), a model connecting levels of enthusiasm and anxiety with behavioral and information-seeking outcomes, as well as cognitive appraisal theory to insert emotion into a model of interactive media effects. The study posits that emotion is the link between the interactive experience and political behavior. An experimental methodology, using a system of automated responses to participants’ input in synchronous and asynchronous interactive settings, allows for the analysis of emotional and behavioral effects in a controlled environment. Hypotheses were proposed as to the general effects of interactive experiences, their emotional impact, and users’ consequent behavioral inclinations. Results indicate that the nature of the online interactive experience plays an important role in determining emotional reactions, which were found to translate into intended political participation. As one of the first studies to examine the emotional effects of interactive user-to-user technologies, this study merges insights from emotion and computer-mediated communication research to pose new directions for further research on the topic. The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 5 Tables and Figures Table 1. Factor Analysis of Emotion Items 32 Table 2. Summary of ANOVA: Online participation index 40 Table 3. Summary of ANOVA: General participation average 41 Table 4. Summary of ANOVA: Score on enthusiasm scale 43 Table 5. Summary of ANOVA: Score on anxiety scale 44 Table 6. Summary of ANOVA: Score on anger scale 45 Table 7. Online and General Participation Regression. 46 Table 8. Information-Seeking Regression. 47 Table 9. Itemized Online and Offline Participation Regression. 49 Figure 1. Interaction Effect Between Condition and Response on Internal Efficacy 39 Average. Figure 2. Interaction Effect Between Condition and Response on Average Score on 41 Participation Index. The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 6 As citizens move online in their search for information, desire to interact with others, and day-to-day routine, it becomes increasingly important to study the effects of such web-mediated interactions. Recent political campaigns have demonstrated an influx in new media campaign technologies. Innovative techniques include the use of social networking sites for group formation, the delivering of campaign news via text message, and new uses of websites for allowing a new dimension of political interaction and participation. The process of user-to-user online interactivity is particularly intriguing, for it allows for feedback from other users in what might be conceptualized as an online political space. While an emerging body of work deals with the characteristics and possible effects of web-based interactivity, several gaps remain in existing research. Most studies tend to focus on content, or user-to-system, interactivity, setting aside the social phenomenon of interpersonal, or user-to-user, interactivity. In addition, research on interpersonal interactivity tends to center around describing trends in message content, with only limited research detailing the effects of such interaction on the individual. As users interact with other, relatively anonymous users within an online forum, the reinforcing or challenging tone of comments encountered may have a direct impact on emotions and subsequent political behavior. While some research has focused on the nature of political deliberation within such interactive groups (Price, Nir, & Cappella, 2006; Price & Cappella, 2002), the possible emotional impact of such online deliberation on the individual user has not been addressed. This study seeks to investigate the emotional effects of participation in a userto-user political online forum, specifically focusing on the impact of the synchronicity of interaction and the tone of interactive discourse. Theoretical grounding in computer-mediated communication as well as in models of political emotion allows for the evaluation of general effects of online interpersonal interactivity in both synchronous and asynchronous conditions, as The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 7 well as effects of reinforcing and challenging feedback from other users on emotions and consequent behavior. Such research is crucial to an understanding of the emotional processes underlying online political deliberation, and proves useful for an analysis of what is increasingly a technology-based culture of political communication. Prior Research on Interactivity and Online Political Discussion The Internet as Political Space Barber, Mattson, and Peterson (1997) define seven integral characteristics of the Internet, in that it offers “inherent interactivity, potential for lateral and horizontal communication, pointto-point and non-hierarchical modes of communication, low costs to users (once a user is set up), rapidity... lack of national or other boundaries, and freedom from the intrusion and monitoring of government” (p. 8). An understanding of how the Internet has transformed communication processes is merely the first step in analyzing the effects of online political interaction; this new medium can be considered to have broader political significance. The existence of political spaces on the Internet has been the subject of much debate. The question of whether the impact of mediated political participation is localized to the online world or has the ability to translate into broader participation such as voting or involvement in a campaign is a crucial question to the analysis of this evolving form of participation. The nature of online political deliberation has been studied in several respects by Price and colleagues (Price & Cappella, 2006; Price, Nir, & Cappella, 2002). In their study of the Electronic Dialogue Project, Price & Cappella (2006) connect Putnam’s (2000) concept of social capital and civic engagement with online political deliberation. The Electronic Dialogue Project The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 8 was initiated during the 2000 presidential campaign, with samples of the population taking part in web-mediated political discussions each month. It was one of the first projects to analyze the role of synchronous (real-time) interactivity. Those who took part in these group discussions demonstrated learning effects, as the interaction heightened social trust and political and community participation. In addition, participating in the groups allowed users to draw on an increased repertoire of arguments when discussing issues. Further research by Price, Nir, & Cappella (2006) details the effects of argumentative climate on opinion and behavior, positing that the climate and content of the discussion affect individuals’ contributions to the group and documenting several group dynamics that are apparent. Such research provides a starting point for the study of what is often called “electronic democracy.” It is necessary to understand the processes underlying and effects resulting from online political deliberation, for interactive online use is changing the way many citizens participate in politics. Conceptualizing interactivity In an investigation of what he terms the “interactivity paradox,” Bucy (2004) reviews two prominent conceptualizations of interactivity; his terminology forms the basis for this study. User-to-system interactivity allows the user to interact with the medium itself through such features as hyperlinks, polls, streaming media, and searches. This type of communication occurs without contact with any other user (Stromer-Galley, 2000, p. 118), but concerns the ability of participants in a forum to modify content of the interactive medium (Steur, 1995). By contrast, user-to-user interactivity allows for people to interact via electronic media, “whether in the form of e-mail (and its various permutations such as Instant Messenger), chat room discussions, message boards, user forums, [or] internet telephony and videoconferencing” (Bucy, 2004, p. 56). These two types of interactivity may be combined by any given information source or site The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 9 (Bucy, 2004), though it is crucial to examine the differential effects of each. To date, much research has focused on user-to-system interactivity. Stromer-Galley (2000) additionally draws on previous research to put forth a similarly conceived dichotomy of media (user-to-system) interaction versus human (user-to-user) interaction. Her distinction between the two modes of interaction lies in the source of feedback within the interaction. The analysis contrasts a medium-user interaction with Rafaeli’s (1988) model of human interaction, in which feedback comes from other users as technology mediates the interpersonal exchange. Through content analysis, Stromer-Galley provides evidence for the prominence of user-to-system interaction and the lack of user-to-user interaction within candidates’ 1996 and 1998 campaign websites. Hyperlinks, audio and video streaming, information downloads, and other media-interactive features were prominent on the websites, while very few candidate websites employed any type of human interaction such as discussion boards or chat rooms. Stromer-Galley posits that this lack of human interaction of candidate websites is due to such technologies being burdensome to implement, difficult to control, and involving a necessary loss of ambiguity. The focus on the effects of user-to-system interactivity in contemporary scholarly literature (e.
 
Limb
2009
Moving at the Speed of Sound: Scientific Innovation in Auditory Research
Trends in Amplification
147 individuals as we are to have valid medical opinions publicly shot down by frustrated patients on an online forum. It seems in this age that anybody with a computer is now entitled to provide their opinion of material that they are not necessarily qualified to judge and that, indeed, an entity such as the Internet is not subject to peer review or editorial correction. Yet despite my uneasiness, I cannot help but realize that there is no turning back. The world is smaller today than it was yesterday, and this trend will unrelentingly continue. With these thoughts in mind, I question the ways in which scientific material is distributed today. In an era in which information evolves daily and travels instantaneously, why do we continue to invite authors to contribute to a textbook that is published months to years after the contributions are prepared? How can we improve the process by which scientific data collected are distributed publicly? Why perpetuate a system of scientific funding that encourages already having completed the experiments proposed in the grant application, thereby prolonging the period between data analysis and distribution? Clearly we need to reevaluate our methods of scientific communication in the digital age in which information can be distributed in seconds, rather than months. Yet we would be foolish to dispense entirely with the deliberate, methodical ways in which we have acquired and shared information for years. It seems that we are at a crossroad. Although the Internet may never be subject to the guidance of an editor-in-chief, I suspect that the cream will continue to rise to the top in this age of information overload. Now that we can routinely perform Einstein-like time compression to accomplish in seconds what used to take weeks, it may be more important than ever that we apply filters based on objective data, rational evaluation of the facts, and conservative appraisal of the potential impact of a I recently evaluated a young woman as a candidate for possible cochlear implantation. Later that week, I read a detailed account of her appointment with me on her online blog. Several days later, I ran into another patient of mine, an 11-year-old girl with bilateral cochlear implants, while shopping for groceries. Her parents told me that they posted videos of her activation appointments for anyone to view online on YouTube. Through Twitter, individuals worldwide describe new events, breakthrough discoveries, and medical outcomes in short real-time bursts of text—tweets, that is—at such a fast rate that regular news agencies now report on tweets that are coming in. I have had several patients and students correspond with me through Facebook, and many patients that I encounter seem to have completed recent graduate studies on auditory neuroscience at Google University. All of this digital activity, in which I gladly participate, makes me uneasy if I stop to think about it. The direct accessibility of information; the immediate, unfiltered publication of medical and scientific viewpoints; and the willing distribution of this information by consumers worldwide have huge ramifications for how we conduct scientific research and deliver patient care. We are as likely today to see questionable scientific claims made by unqualified Trends in Amplification Volume 13 Number 3 September 2009 147-148 © 2009 The Author(s) 10.1177/1084713809348498 http://tia.sagepub.com
 
Liu
2020
Multimodal construction of ‘rule of law’ in Chinese anti-corruption public service advertisements: a social semiotic approach
International Journal of Speech Language and The Law
China has embarked upon a long-term endeavor to build a system of rule of law in the country. Under this legal reform, concrete initiatives have been unveiled, among which cultivating a belief of rule of law in the minds of both officials and citizens has been a vital issue. Since the digital era makes cyber space a major domain for publicity, online resources are exploited to promote the legal ideology of rule of law. Various forms of publicity such as cartoons, animations, micro-films and advertisements issued on websites and social media are recruited to meet this end, among which Anti-corruption Public Service Advertisements (APSAs) have become a conversational tool used by governments and anti-corruption institutions. In the present study, APSAs are in the form of video which lasts one to two minutes. Each video relates a story concerning corruption or a series of events regarding corruption and thus appeals for actions in accordance with incorruption. The characters involved in the story vary from animated figures to real actors. With public education as its purpose, APSA is sponsored by the governments. The present research seeks to investigate the process of how the legal ideology of rule of law is represented and transmitted in APSAs through language and other meaning-making systems using a social semiotic approach (Halliday, 1978). To accomplish the research objective, an analytical framework was constructed to describe, analyze and explain the multimodal construction of rule of law, on the basis of systemic functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA) (O’Halloran, 2008). In the framework we have constructed, the ideology of rule of law is considered as the system of coding orientations that shapes the form of discourse at all levels. Therefore, genre analysis (Martin & Rose, 2008) on the context level, and multimodal interpersonal analysis (Painter, Martin & Unsworth, 2013), particularly multimodal appraisal analysis (Economou, 2009; Unsworth, 2015) on the semantic level have been conducted. Methodologically, a qualitative analysis is adopted. The data used in the present research are APSAs issued on the official website of Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of Chinese Communist Party, local Prosecutors offices, and the National Public Legal Education Office because they effectively transmit the value of rule of law and are aesthetically pleasing in terms of composition. 50 of them were chosen from the year 2012 to 2017. In the present study, legal ideology is conceived as part of the cultural system (Merry, 1985), which shapes social members’ understanding of the interaction between the legal system and social practice (Ji, 2015). A country under rule of law requires good laws and good governance. Moreover, the ideology of rule of law emphasizes not only the establishment of a sound legal system but also the supremacy and independence of the law (Zheng, 1999). In APSA, the ideology of rule of law is embodied in the construal of stories and the evaluation toward events concerning (in)corruption. Data analysis shows that as a goal-oriented, staged social process, APSA achieves its goal of promoting rule of law through three stages: Record of Event, Evaluation, and Generalization, each of which achieves a minor goal. The producer first depicts an event, or a series of activities related to (in)corruption, then evaluates the event, the behavior of the participants, the concepts clarified in the text, and finally generalizes the evaluation to the viewers with the expectation of changing their attitude and behaviors. The stage of evaluation distinguishes three basic sub-genres of APSAs: anecdote, exemplum and observation. Anecdote represents corruption as a family issue which tends to share the emotional reaction of the corrupt officials and their family members triggered by the consequences of corruption. Exemplum depicts corruption as a legal issue, which involves corrupt officials and their behavior judged by interpretations of regulations and laws. Different from anecdote and exemplum, observation focuses on the activities and notions concerning incorruptibility, and shares with the viewer mainly the positive appreciation towards incorruption and the anticorruption campaign. Data analysis also reveals that the attitudinal meanings of affect, judgement and appreciation integrate with one another to construe an axiology of anti-corruption discourse regarding the notion of rule of law. The judgement of illegality and judicial verdict on corruption manifest the fundamental principles of the ‘generality’ and ‘supremacy’ of law. The negative affect, particularly the one triggered by impending consequences of corruption, such as fear sensed by the corrupt officials, displays the predictability and inescapability of sanctions. Positive appreciations targeting the virtue of incorruptibility provide a moral basis for rule of law. Consequently, the multimodal text advances a consistent negative evaluation of corruption. The present study further probes the way in which the attitudinal meaning is realized through multiple visual semiotic systems. It is found that symbolic visual elements, emblems and facial expression are utilized to inscribe the evaluative meaning of judgement and affect, whereas visual metaphor implicitly provokes judgement and appreciation. Besides, attitudinal associations are likely to be flagged through cultural connotation. It is found that APSAs adopt the visual systems of graduation, engagement and focalization to negotiate stance and establish an alignment with the viewers. Graduation is utilized to reinforce the negative affect and judgement toward corruption, and thus encourages an empathic viewing. As far as engagement is concerned, the monogloss is employed in the stage of Generalization, in which anti-corruption is uttered as an indisputable fact. Heterogloss incorporates external voices into the text to establish a contractive dialogic backdrop in compressing the dialogic space of corruption in the text. In addition, external voices are delicately deployed into the text to facilitate the viewers to accept the text-consistent attitude in an unconscious manner. Focalization is adopted at the key moment of the narration, to invite the viewers into the narrating world and share the character’s experience and emotion, the function of which is to lead the viewers to identify with the focalized character, and finally agree with the genre consistent stance. The findings lead to the conclusion that in Chinese Anti-corruption public service advertisements, the legal ideology of rule of law is realized through visual semiotic expressed attitudinal meanings towards events, behaviors and the concepts related to (in)corruption, which are distributed into the stages of varied sub-genres and modulated via discursive strategies such as engagement in light of viewer alignment. The major contribution of this research lies in addressing the issue of promoting the legal ideology of rule of law using the social semiotic approach. The theoretical contribution is the proposed analytical framework which considers register as the analytical unit for genre, and genre as the minimum analytical unit for culture. Furthermore, the system of focalization is incorporated into the investigation of author/viewer alignment. It is also hoped that this research may shed light on the production of multimodal anti-corruption as well as public legal education discourse, and thus contribute to the promotion of rule of law in the country. References Economou, D. (2009). Photos in the news: Appraisal analysis of visual semiosis and visual-verbal intersemiosis. (Doctor of Philosophy), University of Sydney. Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotics: The Social Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold. Ji, W. 2015. On legal ideology. Social Sciences in China 11: 128-145. Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre Relations: Mapping Culture. London: Equinox. Merry, S. (1985). Concepts of law and justice among working-class Americans: Ideology as culture. Legal Studies Forum, 9(1), 59-70. O’Halloran, K. L. (2008). Systemic functional-multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA): construing idational meaning using language and visual imagery. Visual Communication, 7(4), 443-475. Painter, C., Martin, J. R., & Unsworth, L. (2013). Reading visual narratives: Image analysis in children’s picture books. London: Equinox Publishing Ltd. Unsworth, L. (2015). Persuasive narratives: evaluative images in picture books and animated movies. Visual Communication, 14(1), 73-96. Zheng, Y. (1999). From rule by law to rule of law? A realistic view of China’s legal development. China Perspectives, 25, 31-43.
 
Nazhira
Suriyadi
2016
Apraisal Sikap dalam Teks Berita Surat Kabar Nasional
Penelitian ini meneliti sikap teks berita surat kabar nasional dengan menerapkan teori sistemik Linguistik Fungsional. Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa tujuan: (1) untuk mengambarkan pola sikap pada teks berita dari koran harian Media Indonesia, koran Republika, koran Harian Kompas, dan (2) untuk menjelaskan mengapa sikap pola seperti itu dalam teks berita koran harian Media Indonesia, koran harian Republika, koran harian Kompas. Metode penelitian digunakan dalam metode kualitatif dengan jenis analisis isi. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seratus lima berita dalam surat kabar nasional dengan topik sebagai berikut, yaitu bencana, ekonomi, korupsi, kejahatan dan politik. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak program konkordansi atau Simple Concordance Program (SCP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) pola sikap apraisal di koran harian Media Indonesia dan koran harian Republika, Apresiasi^afek^penilaian, dan koran harian Kompas, afek^Apresiasi^ penilaian. Kecenderungan penggunaan pola sikap leksis negatif menunjukkan penulis koran berita nasional, dan (2) pola kecenderungan sikap terjadi karena penulis sering menggunakan fungsi bahasa untuk memengaruhi orang lain dengan memberikan penilaian langsung terhadap suatu hal dan penulis berita koran nasional memiliki kecenderungan menceritakan peristiwa sensitif atau masalah yang menimbulkan keprihatinan terhadap peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di masyarakat. This research investigates Attitude of newspaper text of news in national by applying Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory. This research has several objectives: (1) to describe in the pattern of Attitude in newspaper text of news in Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper, Republika Daily Newspaper, and Kompas Daily Newspaper, and (2) to describe why Attitude the pattern like that in text of news Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper, Republika Daily Newspaper, and Kompas Daily Newspaper. The method of the research used in this qualitative method with type of content analysis. The samples of the research were one hundred and five newspaper news in national with the following topics, disaster, economics, corruption, crime and politics. The data were analyzed by using soft program of Simple Concordance Program (SCP). The result of the research showed that (1) the pattern attitude appraisal in Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper and Republika Daily Newspaper is same, that Appreciation^ Affect^Judgement, and Kompas Daily Newspaper, Affect^Appreciation^Judgement. The inclination of the use of negative lexis attitude pattern showed the newspaper news writers in National, and (2) the inclination pattern of attitude occurred because the writers use the function of language to influence others by providing a direct assessment of a thing and newspaper news writers in national have an inclination of telling the sensitive events or the problem which create apprehensive to the event occurring in society.
 
 
Jansen
1996
Academic Tribes: Reflections on Teaching Large Classes.
All tribes have customs. Central to such customs are stories handed down by oral tradition among the clansmen. Centuries later, those stories continue to hold powerful and persuasive meanings among all members of the tribe, often assuming mythical proportions. To challenge the story is to undermine tribal custom, offend the tribe. To celebrate the story is to secure one's initiation into the tribe. This paper addresses that tribal group located in South African universities and whose identity is defined by the act of teaching and complaining about large classes with a minimum of resources. At conferences, seminars, planning committee meetings, senate chambers, cocktails, parties, the same story is "handed down" with striking consistency: "I teach a class of 250 students. I have no teaching assistant. I am forced to lecture in order to cover (sic) the content. I cannot explore ideas or provide individual attention. I have no choice but to set multiple choice questions; essays would take forever to mark. I spend all my time marking. There is no time for research. " These are myths. Not in the sense that they are false, but that they assume a "taken-for-grantedness" which in time blinds the tribe to the search for alternatives within existing institutional contexts. In this spirit of searching for alternatives, I will present a reflective essay on teaching a large class of undergraduate students at the University of DurbanWestville. The class consists of 280 students in the fourth year of university training for the teaching profession. The class comprises two groups of students: those in the fourth year of an education degree (BPaed) and those in the diploma year (HEd) following a first degree in the social (BA. BComm etc) or natural sciences (e.g. BSc). The course introduces students to principles, practices and policies associated with Language and Learning in the Classroom (LLC). The reflective essay combines data from multiple sources which both inform the case and validate any single source of information. The data combines personal observations, self-administered questionnaires completed by all students as part of the course evaluation, focus group interviews with 8-10 students in five different teaching disciplines (e.g. science students), and written transcripts of student work. I now draw attention to five innovative elements of the LLC curriculum. First, the LLC curriculum is a response to widely-observed limitations of the undergraduate degree in South African universities (Jansen 1995b) That is, the existing curriculum is heavily theoretical in orientation, teaching is bent on coverage of essential disciplinary content, and assessment is based on one-off final examinations in the form of paper-and-pencil tests. Students leave such courses having covered large amounts of content in a discipline which they "swot-up" for a high-stakes examination. Second, the LLC curriculum begins with the identification of a limited number of core competencies as the focus of teaching, learning and assessment in the course. The competencies are made explicit at the beginning of the course and throughout the year as what the students should focus on. The "content" is brought in on a need-to-know basis i.e., primarily in the interest of giving access to the competency and not as having value in and of itself. I will refer to such content as "contingent content". The core competencies are at once simple and profound, and they include the following: writing, reading, critical thinking, evaluating, communicating, analysing, comparing, and others. The focus on competencies comports well with policy proposals in the national qualifications framework and with the university's re-orientation towards modularisation of the curriculum. Third, the choice of "contingent content" is not trivial. The content is carefully selected against a competency in order to satisfy four conditions: (a) the content must speak to the diversity of student backgrounds, culture and orientations present within the classroom; in this class, diversity means Muslim, Hindu, Christian and atheist; Indian, African, Coloured and White; South African and international; men and women; handicapped and gay; and other manifestations of difference; (b) the content must be directed towards a current, topical issue concerned with language and learning in the classroom; (c) the content must be provocative, controversial, contested; that is, the selected content should heighten the standards of engagement in the university classroom; and (d) the content should give optimal expression to the relevant competency. Consider the following samples of units taught within the LLC course: • Story from Time Magazine about Joe Baseball, new principal of a black school with a terrible reputation for violence, crime and high drop-out statistics. With a baseball bat and loud hailer, the principal cleans out the school and academic performance skyrockets. Students write an essay in which they assess Joe Baseball's strategy and make a reasoned argument reflecting a personal position as a teacher; the pros and cons of Baseball's strategy must be outlined. The competencies in focus are evaluation, critical thinking, expository writing. The form of assessment is an evaluative essay. The context is the familiar KwaZulu-Natal township classroom, where such schools exists in numbers. The provocative and topical issue is the banning of corporal punishment in SA schools. • Biographical Outline of The Ntombi who is an Nkosi in the Mark Gevisser Profile in the Weekly Mail & Guardian. (A remarkable medical doctor who is also a traditional leader in Northern Natal.) Gevisser explores the tensions, well-articulated by Dr. Zungu, between tradition and modernity, Zulu identity and politics Students write a concept test in which their understanding of the issues raised in the article is tested. Students take home and read the article with a simple instruction: make sure you understand what you read; then the test. The competency in focus is reading for understanding. The form of assessment is a short test of critical concepts. The context is the political debates in Kwa-Zulu Natal about Zulu identity, tradition and politics. The provocative issue is Zulu nationalism. The content draws on issues which have meaning for most of the students e.g., Nkosi traditions. • Conduct of research in the classroom where students would be doing their teaching practice. The students collect data on the frequency, quality, origins and treatment of questions in the classroom. Data is collected from the same class, teacher and subject over five successive periods. Students prepare a research report complete with recorded data, data analyses and research findings. The competency in focus is doing basic research. The form of assessment is the scoring of a research report. The current and topical issue is questioning in the classroom, a policy directive in the White Paper on Education and Training which calls for critical thinking, questioning, inquiry, investigation and open-endedness in classrooms. The provocative issue is students' own tendencies to create teacher-centred classrooms as beginning teachers. • Reading of the colourful weather chart in the Daily News. Students are to read the basic weather details including dam levels, radio-broadcasting times (e.g., of surfing conditions); and the weather-related symbols represented (e.g., symbol for fire hazards). Students complete a weather chart. The competency in focus is reading and understanding symbolic language. The form of assessment is a numeracy test. The relevant issue is common-sense knowledge of a section of a newspaper report which affects all our lives. The provocative issue is the discovery that students have difficulty reading another language even when the basics are in question e.g., interpreting pictures and graphs. Fourth, the form of student appraisal reflects the emergence of what has been called authentic or performance assessment (Resnick & Resnick 1994; Baker 1995; Jansen 1995a). Students in the LLC course are assessed in multiple contexts: a written essay, a research study, a weather-based mathematics test, dramatic performances, a critical analysis and oral presentations in the classroom. Since we know from experience and research that not all students perform equally in the same assessment context, this diversification of contexts is more equitable especially in diverse classrooms (Rothman 1994; Baker & O'Neil 1994). But the focus on demonstrating a competency as opposed to reciting or memorising a text for a high stakes examination is also a more authentic representation of what students know (Linn, Baker & Dunbar 1991). But the most controversial aspect of the assessment strategy is that students are allowed to repeat a particular assessment task as often as they wish and until such time that both the lecturer and the student agree in conference that (a) achievement on the task demonstrates satisfactory performance and that (b) learning has actually taken place. Each time the student repeats an assessment task, the nature of the task is altered slightly to limit potential for the routinisation of the task or the memorisation of performance. It was not uncommon in the LLC course for students to re-do an assessment task 3-5 times; the standards were tough and uncompromising, even though "opportunity-to-Iearn" was maximised. Fifth, the course relies principally on student communication in the classroom. A typical 40 minute lecture begins with the introduction of a controversial issue e.g., Should schools in the new South Africa teach homosexuality as an alternative life-style? Make a curriculum argument, not simply a moral one Students volunteer or are selected to state a position on the question in front of the entire classroom. Students are challenged as they present. Emotional outbursts are challenged and channelled into coherent arguments;

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