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SENTIMENT ANALYSIS ON NEWS ARTICLES
International journal for innovative engineering and management research
Sentiment analysis or opinion mining is the computational study of people's opinion,
sentiments, attitudes and emotions expressed in written language. It is one of the most active
research areas in natural language processing and text mining in recent years.
It is a way to analyze the subjective information in the text and then mine the opinion.
Sentiment analysis is the procedure by which information is extracted from the opinion
appraisal and emotions of people in regards to entities, events and their attributes. In decision
making, the opinion of others have a significant effect on customer ease, making choices
with regards have a significant effect, product entity. The approach of text sentiment analysis
typically works at a particular level like phrase, sentence or document level.
This project
aims at analyzing a solution for the sentiment identification at a fine-grained level,namely
the sentence level in which polarity of the sentence can be given by three categories as
positive, negative and neutral. The data set is gathered from inshorts.com and the project is
restricted to 3 news article domains namely- Sports, World and Politics. Lexicon based
approach is used for Sentiment Analysis. VADER gives the polarity of negativity, neutrality,
positivity and also the consolidated compound score for the given text. The Data Labeling,
Data Processing and Finalization is done using Compound score from VADER.
An
Appraisal Analysis of Gossip News Texts Written By Perez Hilton From
Perezhilton.com (A Study Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)
This
research explored the appraisal system in the gossip news text written
by Perez Hilton, taken from his website, perezhilton.com. There were
eight texts that were analyzed. They were two texts of Katy Perry, two
text of Leona Lewis, two text of Miley Cyrus, and two texts of Chris
Brown, which were analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory is
concerned with attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of
this thesis were to find out what appraising items applied in those
texts; how they were applied; and why they were applied, including the
ideology. This was a descriptive qualitative research. The technique of
taking sample used in this research was total sampling. There were two
data in this research, the primary data which was sourced from the eight
analyzed texts, and the secondary data which was contained the
information of Perez Hilton related to his writings. The results show
that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and appreciation)
are applied in the texts, but mostly is judgment. The types of the items
are in the forms of word, nominal group and clause. Mostly the
attitudes are in the forms of epithet group, attitudinal lexis and
mental process clauses. Meanwhile, the engagement is mostly monogloss.
The moslty graduation is force, and the scaling of the graduation is
up-scaled. The attitudes are applied through the strong expression, and
they are applied in Analytical Exposition genre. Additionally, the texts
are written subjectively based on the writer’s aspiration. The
appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that
the writer wants to convey. The ideologies are right antagonist for
texts exposing Katy Perry and Leona Lewis; and left antagonist for texts
exposing Miley Cyrus and Chris Brown. The ideology shows the writer’s
style in writing gossip news text that he supports the artist if he
likes and conversely he challenges the artists who he does not like.
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: THE SOCIAL WRONGS REVEALED & THE IDEOLOGIES BROUGHT IN EDITORIAL NEWS EXPOSING THE NEW KPK LAW
Bricolage Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi
This
research is a comparative analysis between two mass media in producing
politic news responding to the establishment of the new KPK law by using
Critical Discourse Analysis. The research aims to look for and to
compare the social wrongs and ideologies brought by the writers from the
chosen texts. In order to do critical analysis discourse, the
researchers use Fairclough analytic-three-dimensional framework which is
wrapped in the four stages of Roy Bhaskar explanatory critiques
presented by Fairclough (2013).The first stage focuses on the social
wrong which has semiotic aspects that is analyzed through its linguistic
choice by using Appraisal theory proposed by Martin and White. The
social wrong of the text is represented by the use of attitude
consisting of affect, appreciation, and judgment as it shows the
writers’ attitude towards the related parties in the texts. The second
stage identifies the obstacles to it being tackled through the analysis
of the network of practices, the relationship of the semiosis to other
elements and the semiosis itself. It is analyzed using Gee’s Seven
Building Tasks of Language. It aims to analyze the areas of “reality”
that are built through the texts, which can be used to understand the
meaning of the discourse. It may also be used to understand different
aspects of the meaning being created through discourse. The ideology of
the text is represented by the significances, activities, identities,
relationships, politics, connections, and sign systems & knowledge
in the texts. The third stage considers whether the social order needs
the problems/the social wrong. The last stage reveals the possible ways
to tackle the obstacles. The findings from these steps of analysis are
combined and interpreted together. It is found that the article produced
by The Jakarta Post, as a verified news editorial by the Indonesian
Press Council, apparently seems to share more negative attitudes
compared to Independent Observer which is not verified yet. This shows
the social wrong establishes in the social order: the politicization of
the media, which is clearly unnecessary in the social order since it
makes the media are politically polarized. Despite the ideological
differences in the two articles, both articles basically share the same
ideology: the importance of eradicating corruption in Indonesia.
Genre and Register of Antagonist’s Language in Media: An Appraisal Study of Indonesian Newspapers
This
research explores how the language of the antagonists is unfolded in
print Indonesian media. The analysis is focused on the exploitation of
types of texts (genres) and the register. These are explored through the
lexis, transitivity, appraisal systems, and text structure. The data
were news, editorials, and letters to editors, collected from Kompas,
Jawa Pos, Solopos, and Suara Merdek a from May to October 2012. Further
selected using criterion-based sampling techniques, the data resulted in
eight texts to analyze. In addition to the linguistic analysis,
interviews were conducted with the stakeholders of the social issues.
The results show that antagonists used the three types of macro genres
to express their ideologies in the newspapers. At the level of register,
the antagonists develop their attitudes through their feeling (affect),
as well as evaluation about other participants (judgment) or things
(appreciation). They even amplify and align their attitude through
graduation and engagement.
UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL DE CÓRDOBA FACULTAD DE LENGUAS LICENCIATURA EN LENGUA Y
LITERATURA INGLESA TRABAJO FINAL DE LICENCIATURA - LINGÜÍSTICA -
INTERNATIONAL PRESS VIEWS ON A LATIN AMERICAN PRESIDENT: STANCE CONVEYED
THROUGH TRANSITIVITY AND APPRAISAL CHOICES AUTOR: LUIS EDUARDO AHUMADA
DIRECTORA:
This
research work was conducted in an attempt to uncover the hidden stance
conveyed in apparently unbiased articles of the International Press. It
also aimed at helping Argentinean translators with the analysis of the
source text so as to avoid distortions in the translation process. Two
articles, one from The New York Times online and The Guardian online,
that covered the same event about the Argentinean president’s taking
power were analysed from the point of view of the transitivity and
appraisal systems. The most frequent processes in which the president
was a participant as well as the attitudinal elements that referred to
her were identified and analysed. The results showed a similar stance in
both items of news, but they also revealed some differences, rendering
different degrees of positioning. This study is expected to provide
Argentinean translators and trainee translators with a useful tool of
analysis and to raise some awareness of the importance of text analysis
in the translation process. International Press Views on a Latin
American President
III
THE POWER OF ONLINE MEDIA: CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF SECURITY CRITICS
Security
issue has become the most reported headline in mass media. This issue
is categorized as hard news, which is covered and reported as soon as it
happens. All aspects which are written and displayed in the text could
influence the readers. Although many believe that news exist to inform
the reader, news can be misled and contain specific point of view toward
some issues. Critical discourse analysis becomes the tool to find out
how editor use their power in composing text. This research is using
qualitative method to a text from online media talking about security
critics. As for verbal aspect, researcher is using appraisal theory
(Martin and White, 2005) and for nonverbal aspect is using news value of
photography by Caple (2013). The result is the differences in
distribution in negativity aspects as the verbal one carries more
negative aspects than the nonverbal. The result also shows how the
writer and editor’s position and tendency toward the event in reporting
news such as negative judgment.
THE USE OF ATTITUDES AS A PART OF APPRAISALS SYSTEM IN THE AL JAZEERA NEWS: IRAQ WAR
Appraisal
is a system of interpersonal meanings. Interpersonal meaning is meaning
that makes it possible for people to negotiate their attitudes and
feelings in social relationship with others. Every social relationship
is a social event that results in a text that may be spoken or written.
From this point of view, news is a kind of text through which the
journalists negotiate their attitudes and feelings with the readers.
This thesis tried to provide answers to two research problems: (1) what
kinds of attitude are used in the articles?, (2) how are the attitudes
used to express feelings in the articles? Therefore, the research method
used in this study is qualitative descriptive in nature. The purpose of
the study is to describe and analyze the appraisal devices used in the
articles which were taken from Al-Jazeera news channel by following the
system network of appraisal offered by Martin and Rose (2003). The
articles are, therefore, the data under analysis in this thesis. Since
appraisals in written texts concern with the choice of words as devices
to realize people’s attitudes and feelings, the unit of analysis in this
study is appraisal device.
Based on the above questions, the analysis was done by following the
techniques offered by Martin and Rose (2003) and White (2001). The
articles was first broken down into chunks. Then, each of the chunks was
analysed for appraisal devices. The result of the analysis is then used
to describe the appraisal devices employed in the articles, and how
these devices are used to express attitudes and feelings in the
articles.
On the basis of the result of the analysis done to the articles, the
following conclusions can be drawn. Firstly, the journalists employs all
the three resources of attitudes to express people’s feelings (affect),
judge people’s characters (judgment), and value the worth of things
(appreciation). Affect and appreciation dominate the use of appraisal
devices and judgment is the least resource used. Secondly, the affects
used in these studied articles are non-authorial. Non-authorial affect
value is higher than authorial affect. Non-authorial affect is used
since the articles are factual stories that factual news should not be
mixed with the author’s attitudes. Most of affects are expressed
negatively. It is reasonable since the articles are about the war. The
number of instances with judgement is limited since the articles do not
emphasize the evaluation of people’s characters.
Finally, throughout the articles the journalists are highly evaluative
in expressing their attitudes. They employ various resources of
amplification to dynamically mobilize attitudes, and turn the volume of
the evaluation up and down throughout the articles.
The result of this study is expected to give a valuable contribution to
the teaching of English, especially in the teaching of writing. The
understanding of appraisal system is expected to raise linguistic
awareness of both teachers and students of English. Such awareness is
important in the text-making processes (writing and speaking). This
awareness will become a potential for them to lead to the production of
good texts in which words are appropriately selected to realize their
attitudes and feelings, and in which various linguistic resources
related to appraisal devices are employed in harmony.
Mulheres e política: analisando a representação sóciocultural midiática
In
this paper, my aim is to study the representations by the Brazilian
media discourse of women politicians in one particular news report. The
research is based on Critical Discourse Analysis (Fairclough,2003; Theo
van Leeuwen, 1997) and the Appraisal framework (White,2004;
Martin,2006). The analysis of the newspaper report shows that female
politicians are perceived as different from their male counterparts and
that there are implicit relations of power in the text, which might
contribute to shaping the reader’s perception of reality.
Sentiment analysis of online news text: a case study of appraisal theory
Online information review (Print)
Purpose
– Sentiment analysis and emotion processing are attracting increasing
interest in many fields. Computer and information scientists are
developing automated methods for sentiment analysis of online text. Most
of the studies have focused on identifying sentiment polarity or
orientation – whether a document, usually a product or movie review,
carries a positive or negative sentiment. It is time for researchers to
address more sophisticated kinds of sentiment analysis. This paper aims
to evaluate a particular linguistic framework called appraisal theory
for adoption in manual as well as automatic sentiment analysis of news
text.Design/methodology/approach – The appraisal theory is applied to
the analysis of a sample of political news articles reporting on Iraq
and the economic policies of George W. Bush and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad to
assess its utility and to identify challenges in adopting this
framework.Findings – The framework was useful in uncovering various
aspects of sentiment that should be useful ...
Emotional
Languages by the President Candidates in Indonesian Online News Texts:
Appraisal Analysis in the Protagonism Perspective
Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society
:
This research aims to investigate the emotional languages uttered by
the Indonesian presidential candidates in the online news texts. This
study discusses types of languages used by the two presidential
candidates, describes language using the positive emotion for their
groups, and describes the use of negative emotion of language towards
opponent groups. The method used was a content analysis. Data consisted
of words, phrases, clauses integrated in sentences from each candidate
in their direct quotations. Data sources are in the form of online news
texts taken from Kompas, Media Indonesia, Republika, Sinar Harapan , and
Suara Pembaruan that were published from February-March 2019. Data was
collected by coding to sort out what was relevant directly to the
reserach focus. Data analysis was performed using the appraisal theory
with the protagonist's perspective in Lazarus and Martin view. The
results of the study showed that the type of language used was positive
and negative speech categories that were intended for feelings,
behaviours, and goods; the use of emotional language for the their self
group was widely used positive orientation languages such as happiness,
security, satisfaction, and inclination; the language used toward
opponent group tend to use negative orientation languages, such as
unhappiness, insecurity, and disinclination.
GRADUATION SYSTEMS ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST: A STUDY OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS
TheGIST
Abstract:
This study examined the Graduation systems on the crime news in The
Jakarta Post. Six texts were classified and mixed-method research was
applied in the study. The data were analyzed by using the Appraisal
Systems Theory. The study aimed to figure out the graduation systems of
the crime news in The Jakarta Post and to describe the writers'
perspectives on assessing the power of the message in crime news. The
findings show that The Jakarta Post presents 60% of focus dominantly. In
addition, The Jakarta Post's writers portray crime news using larger,
sharper language.Key words: Apprasial System, Focus, Force, Graduation
Discourse Analysis Based on Appraisal System——a case study of the launching of Chinese Shenzhou 10 spacecraft
the
paper analyzes several news reports about Chinese Shenzhou 10's
launching published by western mainstream media from the perspective of
appraisal system.It discusses the interpersonal meanings of these
reports from three domains of appraisal system---attitude,engagement and
graduation.The research results show that these reports mainly hold a
positive and complimentary attitude but negative and derogatory
attitudes are also revealed.Through the analysis of appraisal
system,readers can understand the hidden interpersonal meanings of news
reports and improve the ability to appreciate discourse/texts.
Appraisal Theory in Translation Studies—A Systematic Literature Review
Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities
Appraisal
theory (AT) is developed from Systemic Functional Linguistics. It
focuses on the interpersonal meaning of the text, which expresses the
speaker’s attitude and constructs ideological space. However, AT has
developed quite lately in translation studies with certain achievements
as well as limitations in the previous studies. Thus, this study
conducted a literature review to generalize the status quo of studies
applying AT in translation from 2011 to 2021. The method of this study
is a systematic literature review that selected 27 articles from three
databases based on the screening procedure of PRISMA 2020. It also used
qualitative synthesis to analyze the contents of the included studies in
terms of genres, research foci, application of AT as well as
methodologies. This study finds that AT is widely used in analyzing
translation shifts, especially in the text types of politics, news and
literature with the foci of appraisal shifts, ideology and positioning.
However, the number of translation studies applying AT is still limited,
and there is potential to examine AT in other text types. Besides,
there is also a lack of mixed method or corpus-based analysis.
Therefore, this study provides a detailed review of AT in translation
studies and reveals some research gaps that could enlighten future
studies.
Digital Public Sphere and Palestine-Israel conflict: A Conceptual Analysis of News Coverage
The
news coverage of conflicts has transformed with the introduction of
digital media and social media platforms. The available literature on
media coverage of Palestine-Israel conflict is mainly focused on
traditional news coverage or social media dimension of the conflict
information. There exists a literature gap on social media coverage of
Palestine-Israel conflict by the traditional news organizations. This
study explores the changing pattern of traditional media’s coverage of
the longstanding conflict in the wake of new communication technologies
through appraisal of the existing literature. The analysis revealed that
the traditional news organizations have adopted social networking
platforms as a business model to cover the Palestine-Israel conflict. It
was found that the traditional news outlets use the new media because
it is cost-effective and have instantaneous outreach to maximum number
of netizens. The new tools of communication offer multimedia platforms
where conflict-related text, videos and images can be posted
simultaneously. The study proposes to conduct future research on
media-conflict relationship by focusing the use of new communication
tools by the traditional media
An
Appraisal Analysis of Texts Exposing French Ban on Hijab Taken From
Inminds.co.uk and Theage.com (Based on Systemic Functional Linguistics)
This
research explored the appraisal system on two texts exposing French Ban
on Hijab Taken from inminds.co.uk and Theage.com. These texts were
analyzed using Appraisal Theory, which concerned with attitude,
graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find
out the attitudes applied in those texts; the functions of the attitudes
toward the texts; the ideologies of the texts; and the reason why they
were applied. This was a descriptive qualitative research with total
sampling technique. There were two types of data in this research. The
primary data were taken from the two analyzed texts and the secondary
were the information of French Hijab Ban, as well as the information of
the writer. The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect,
judgment, and appreciation) are applied in the texts. The engagement is
mostly heterogloss, and the mostly graduation is force. The employment
of attitudes influences the texts in term of prosody, ideology and also
genre. Recount Genre is laid in letter text on newsletter in
inminds.co.uk website and news items is laid in theage.com website. The
appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that
the writer wants to convey. The ideologies are Left protagonist for
letter text from inminds.co.uk websites and Right protagonist for news
items text from theage.com websites. In the first text, it is shown that
the writer employs more negative attitudes due to the writer’s
disapproval toward the Hijab Ban issue. Meanwhile, the writer of the
second text put more positive attitudes since she supports the Hijab
Ban. Based on the conclusion, it is recommended for other researcher to
analyze appraisal in wider genre and in the other language. Further, it
is expected that this research will be beneficial for future research in
Systemic Functional Linguistic especially dealing with appraisal
analysis.
Appraisal Analysis: Thailand in the View of Phnom Penh Post on the Preah Vihear Issue
The
purpose of this study is to illustrate ways in which Discourse Analysis
(DA) looks at the Preah Vihear issue written in the news articles of
the main English newspaper of Cambodia, The Phnom Penh Post, from July
to October 2008. This period is selected for the study because the
situational conflict between Cambodia and Thailand concerning the Preah
Vihear Temple affected most citizens and the images of both countries.
Further, the conflict also greatly concerned other ASEAN countries, as
well as those worldwide. The researcher beleives that the news
presentation on this issue written by the Phnom Penh Post is one of the
key factors which influenced the readers’ perception and reaction in
both countries. Attitude domain—one of the semantic domains of the
Appraisal framework (Martin & White, 2005) is selected to uncover
the underlying meaning in the texts of the newspaper to indicate how
discourses were constructed and the selected discourse semantic
categories work under the themes that are set. The results of the study
reveal through the linguistic features which are analyzed and classified
into the three discourse patterns under the three themes set that
Thailand is evaluated negatively compared with Cambodia which is
evaluated positively. Keywords: Discourse Analysis, Newspapers, Preah
Vihear, Appraisal, Attitude Domain
AFFECT ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND THE JAKARTA GLOBE: A STUDY OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS
Metahumaniora
This
study explores the affect of appraisal systems by comparing the crime
news in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe. There were six texts of
the crime news that were classified into the same topics. These texts
were analysed using Appraisal Systems Theory (Martin & White, 2005).
The objectives of the present study are to find out the differences of
the affect of crime news in The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe and
then to know the types of appraising items in The Jakarta Post and The
Jakarta Globe. The data is analysed by using the mixed method research.
The present writer found out that the writers in The Jakarta Globe
present the affect dominantly. The Jakarta Globe shows 63,8% of affect
and it is dominated by the affect of dis/satisfaction. However, The
Jakarta Post shows 36,2% of affect and it is dominated by the affect of
in/security. In addition, the types of appraising items that occur in
the affect of crime news are mental process, behavioural process,
relational process, attitudinal lexis, minor clause, epithet and
grammatical item.
Evaluative
Language Maintenance and Shift on Vice-Presidential Candidates
Reportage: Translation Analysis of ‘The Conversation’ Political News
Background:
This paper seeks to shed some light concerning on evaluative language
maintenance and shift at translation phenomenon of online news. Though
this translation issue is frequently discussed in academic discourse,
little has been concerned on comprehending to what extent the evaluation
used in political news has been retained of shifted in their target
texts.
Methodology:
Three political news articles published on ‘The Conversation’ online
media were selected for the analysis. For doing so, appraisal system and
translation technique theory-based concepts were adopted to guide the
analysis as well as the discussion. We employed a noteworthy move in
terms of data collection technique, that is focus-group discussion by
involving a number of experts who are engaged in the field of
linguistics and translation studies.
Findings:
This research findings can be understood as evaluative language
maintenance dominating the data compared to translation shift.
Translators attempted to bridge Indonesian readers by rendering some
ideologically news, with the aim of knocking language distance down
between English and Indonesian texts. Meanwhile, a plenty of translation
techniques encourage translator awareness to take position upon
rendering ideological news, in case of retaining, altering, as well as
omitting the constructed meanings.
Conclusion:
It is pivotal, as a consequence, to increase news translators’ awareness
of understanding attitude constructed in political news. Otherwise,
there will be reframing phenomena as the cause of translators’
intervention depriving readers’ rights to understand mass media
attitude.
Keywords: evaluative language; translation; political news
As
Good as the Men ? A Corpus Analysis of Evaluation in News Articles
about Professional Female Athletes Competing in ‘ Masculine ’ Sports
This
study combines corpus-linguistics with Critical Discourse Analysis
using a model of evaluation from Systemic Functional Linguistics
(appraisal) to investigate how the Australian print media portray female
athletes in male-dominated sports. Historically, researchers have noted
the persistence of patriarchal discourses in media reporting of female
athletes and sports. However, much of this research sits outside the
discipline of linguistics and tends to focus on individual or
gender-neutral sports. As such, this study expands the existing research
by undertaking a mixed-method approach and focussing on a ‘masculine’
team sport. The landmark event of the new professional women’s
Australian Football League (AFLW) in 2017 presents a unique opportunity
to study how female athletes entering an all-male sporting sphere are
portrayed in the media. Thus, the purpose of this research is to
investigate how the new AFLW competition and players are represented
with respect to dominant patriarchal discourses. To undertake this
research, a specialised corpus of news articles from the Herald Sun
newspaper is analysed. Findings from the keyword analysis point towards a
potential shift away from biased language, although the qualitative
text analysis reveals a biased narrative of negative comparison to male
AFL players, thus reinforcing Australian Football as a stereotypically
male sporting domain.
An
Appraisal Analysis of Two Texts Exposing the Controversy of Balibo Five
Film Taken From www.thejakartapost.com (A Study Based on Systemic
Functional Linguistics)
This
research explores the appraisal system in two texts exposing the
controversy of Balibo Film taken from www.thejakartapost.com. The two
texts entitled “Remembering the 1975 Balibo Incident: An Opportunity to
Correct Past Wrong?” and “By the way: A ban that boomerangs back on us”,
are analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory concerns with
attitude, graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis are
to determine the attitudes discovered in the texts, to find out the
effects of the attitudes toward the texts, and to know the reason why
the attitudes are used in the texts.
This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The technique of
taking sample used in this research is purposive sampling. There are two
data in this research, the primary data which consist of detailed and
depth linguistic phenomena about the types of attitudes: evaluating
things (appreciation), people?s characters (judgement), and their
feeling (affect); and the secondary data which consist of the
information about the 1975 Balibo incident and the text?s writer.
The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment,
and appreciation) are applied in the texts, but mostly is appreciation.
The engagement is mostly monogloss, and the moslty graduation is focus.
The texts are applied in Hortatory and Analytical Exposition genre, and
the texts are applied subjectively based on the writer?s opinion. The
appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that
the text writer wants to convey. The ideologies are left antagonist for
text 1 and right antagonist for text 2. The ideology shows the writer?s
style in writing news text that he supports or challenges the issue.
METHODS OF TRANSFERRING SYNTACTIC CONSTRUCTIONS IN THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF THE GERMAN NEWS DISCOURSE)
Current issues of linguistics and translations studies
News
discourse is one of the most important components of human social
existence, a means of spiritual and intellectual influence, a powerful
channel for the dissemination of ideas. It is characterized by
logicality, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, appeal and the
corresponding language means. In news texts, various types of syntactic
constructions are widely used, which give speech power and
persuasiveness, colorfulness and imagery. The object of research is
syntactic constructions in news texts. The purpose of the work is to
identify the specifics of the functioning of syntactic constructions in
German-language texts and to identify ways to translate them. The main
methods are descriptive and comparative, elements of contextual analysis
were also used. The material of the study was the news texts of the
popular German news site tagesschau.de, from which about 120 cases of
using various syntactic constructions were identified and analyzed using
the continuous sampling method. The theoretical significance lies in
the fact that syntactic units were studied in terms of their meaning,
structure, composition, functional and semantic features. Particular
attention is paid to the translation of German constructions with a
extended attribute and German prepositions, which are most often used in
German news texts. It is proved that the German extended attribute has
significant structural differences from the Ukrainian one, and the
translation of German constructions with prepositional phrases requires
not only knowledge of all the meanings of prepositions, but also the
peculiarities of their positional arrangement in the news text. In
addition, a description of the news discourse is given, its specific
features, tasks, and main functions are identified. The practical
significance lies in the fact that the material of this study can be
used to conduct special courses on general syntax and in teaching
journalists the German language.
Serious Illness Communication in Cancer Care in Africa: A Scoping Review of Empirical Research
JCO Global Oncology
PURPOSE
Serious illness communication (SIC) in cancer care describes
conversations between clinicians, patients, and families about prognosis
and treatment decisions. Cultural context influences SIC. Researchers
have studied SIC across diverse settings in Africa. We aimed to describe
and synthesize the heterogeneous body of research on SIC practices,
preferences, and needs in Africa to identify research and training
priorities. METHODS Our search strategy identified studies that focused
on SIC within cancer or palliative care in Africa. Following PRISMA
guidelines, a systematic literature search was performed using PubMed,
Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, African Index Medicus, and PsycINFO,
yielding 1811 unique titles. After sequential review of abstracts, full
text, and cited references, 42 articles met inclusion criteria.
Quantitative and qualitative data describing study characteristics,
aims, methods, and findings were abstracted and analyzed using
descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Critical appraisal was
performed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS The 42
included articles were published from 1997-2021, half since 2017,
representing 16 countries and all African Union regions: West (33%),
East (29%), South (21%), North (12%), and Central (5%). Most study
designs were qualitative (45%) or quantitative surveys (50%). Study
participants included patients (35%), family caregivers (18%), doctors
(18%), nurses (12%), and/or other (11%). Study aims focused on
disclosure of diagnosis (27%) or prognosis (20%), breaking bad news
(15%), general patient-clinician communication (12%), truth-telling
(8%), shared decision-making (7%), information needs/preferences (5%),
and/or advance care planning (5%). Despite diverse contexts, common
themes emerged. Study authors frequently recommended communication
skills training. Critical appraisal demonstrated high quality of studies
overall. CONCLUSION Research on SIC in Africa has increased in recent
years. Most studies have focused on information delivery by clinicians;
fewer on eliciting information from patients (eg, shared
decision-making, advanced care planning). Significant opportunities
exist for further study and for communication skills training.
ENGAGEMENT ANALYSIS OF CRIME NEWS IN THE JAKARTA POST AND THE JAKARTA GLOBE: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC STUDY
JELA (Journal of English Language Teaching, Literature and Applied Linguistics)
This
research explores the application of Appraisal Theory, more
specifically, its sub-system Engagement. There were six texts of the
Crime News taken from The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe and they
were classified into the same topics. The present research aims at
comparing the engagement of crime news in The Jakarta Post and The
Jakarta Globe employed by appraisal theory. Through this research, the
researcher wants to know whether The Jakarta Post and The Jakarta Globe
describe the Crime News in Subjective or Objective. It applies
quantitative and qualitative methods. The technique used in this
research was the total sampling technique since all the data that
contains appraising items become the data of this research.
A
Bilingual, Bicultural Approach to Detachment and Appraisal in the Law:
Tracing Impersonality and Interaction in English and Spanish Legal
Op-Eds
A
comparative analysis of appraisal between editorial and opinion column
exposing Ahmadiyah issue published on The Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta
Post Websites (A study based on systemic functional linguistics)
Idha Dwi Prasetyo. 2011. A Comparative Analysis of Appraisal between
Editorial and Opinion Column Exposing Ahmadiyah Issue Published on The
Jakarta Globe and The Jakarta Post Websites (A Study Based on Systemic
Functional Linguistics). English Department, Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts,
Sebelas Maret University.
This research explored the appraisal system in the editorial and opinion
column exposing issue of Ahmadiyah, taken from Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post
Websites. There were four texts that were analyzed. They were four texts of editorial
and opinion taken from The Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. These texts
were analyzed using Appraisal Theory. Appraisal theory is concerned with attitude,
graduation, and engagement. The objectives of this thesis were to find out the
atttudes applied in those texts; the influence of the attitudes toward the texts; the
similarities and differences of the texts; and why they were applied, including the
ideology.
This was a descriptive qualitative research. The technique used in this
research was total sampling since all data containing appraising items become the
data of this research. There were two data in this research. The primary data was
taken from the four analyzed texts and the secondary were the information of media
Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post, as well as the information of the writer taken from
other news related to the Ahmadiyah news.
The results show that the three kinds of attitudes (affect, jugdment, and
appreciation) are applied in the texts. From the analysis, there are two kinds of
attiudes applied dominantly in the texts, they are Judgement and Appreciation with
positive and negative attitudes. The engagement is mostly monogloss, and the moslty
graduation is force. The employment of attitudes influence the texts in term of
prosody, ideology and also genre. Hortatory exposition is laid in editorial published
on Jakarta Globe Website; analytical exposition is laid in editorial from Jakarta Post
Website, while discussion genre is employed in opinion texts published on Jakarta
Globe and Jakarta Post Website.
The appraising items are applied in the texts because of the ideologies that the
writer wants to convey. The ideologies are Left antagonist for editorial text from
Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites and right protagonist for opinion texts from
Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post Websites. From the analysis, the ideology of the
media and the writer become an important one to influence the ideology of the texts.
Both of media Jakarta Globe and Jakarta Post tend to be negative in its editorials
because the media wants to put its contradictory position toward the issue of violence
attack and religious persecution toward Ahmadiyah. Meanwhile, opinion text is
written individually. Therefore, the story or background of the writer may influence
the ideology of the texts. In this case, both writers tend to give positive evaluation
toward the issue of Ahmadiyah. Based on the sources, both of them really have.
The Appraisal of the Artistry of Quatation of Qian Zhongshu's Huaiju Poetry
Based
on qian zhongshu’s traditional poetry "huai poly poem deposit for
dibon,the research emphasizes on artistry of the quotation in the
creating of old-style poems, takes the four skills in the creating of
Mr. Qian’s poems for an illustration and makes a simple analysis. His
attitude of waiting for the chance of appearance, changing what he’ve
learned into talent, quoting every proverb measurably is actually a
typical feature during his creation. The locust poly poem deposit last
book in the book is Mr Qian zhongshu in his hand, and Mr. Qian only one
left in the world of poetry, is made by Mr. Qian calendar life,
successively in "the book of jun poem", "the book of jun nearly poem",
"huai Wu poem", and issue the "tsinghua weekly", "AIRS," new ", "xinmin
evening news", "autumn" and other magazines in Hong Kong all psalm
JingXuanBen, Mr Is created but collects gathers. Poems were recorded
author poetry creation by 173 between 1934 and 1989 (in the poems of a
title), content involves people recollect the past, see the scenery, for
yours friends and bluntly, etc., with SiYan, wu and oblique four-line
but is given priority to, such as no CiFu verse, etc. Poetry creation in
the process, "yun" is an ancient way of commonly used rhetoric. "Luck"
is quoted allusions in his works, the ancient story or have the origin
to the original words, to achieve JieGuYuJin, concise or talk about
meaning of the effect. Mr. Qian is a scholar, in a talent, and be in
harmony for the integration of ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign
academic "kunlun", its make it full of profound remoter mind and
knowledge and literature made the numerous allusions in text to spill
out, and make his poems on "beginning to have the source but not yet
shipped" bright characteristics, as a poem "poem", eight lines with more
than 20 allusions, read only feeling rich "ShuXiangQi". Again, such as
"the heart", such as the classic of shoulder pain, is also because, with
a pun, interesting. Sir, though there are some poems such as "the
heart", "dinin to dream again", "sad", "when midnight songs", such as
the qingming festival slogan "no allusions, but rare in the poem to
save. Mr. Qian, author of locust poly poem deposit is because art, the
author sums up three kinds of circumstances: 1, pure with allusions, the
meaning of allusion with the author's meaning, difficult points each
other. Our country the ancients to the "head" of the highest requirement
is "head not sleep, if her language also" . Asked the author to have
superb skills, allusions to the harmony of fiber and flesh of his work,
extinguish because all the chisel marks and needle and thread,
understand the allusion of the readers more lenovo and taste. Mr. Qian
in creative practice is to achieve the allusions and other figures of
speech and the context of the baked trust with aesthetic pursuit harmony
together, "head not make people feel". Such as "lake lemone namely
mesh" ", midnight not hold carry to China's own good lake mountain."
Before use "zhuangzi · great master" "hide, boat, hidden mountain in
jersey, is solid, but the midnight of negative and go strong, the mei
know also" the Canon of after an inverted dongpo "drunk WangHu of June
27th floor of the five" "more on I had no home to live, good home
without the lake mountain". Then Mr Such as 1934 fewer for the return of
the native miscellaneous poems "also when the morning window arouse
listen to sentence:" study on the basis of standard must from yi-qing
liu song "focuses on" "in the song dynasty and jin yanzhou secretariat
of pei countries, (have) a better buy chicken, taste love even, a
constant cage International Conference on Education Technology,
Management and Humanities Science (ETMHS 2015) © 2015. The authors
Published by Atlantis Press 528 between the Windows. Hence the
chattering, chicken and place to talk about, very have wisdom, ceaseless
all day long. In cases of so big work into." (see also "the art type"
this) to tang Luo Yin the topic Yuan Xi younglab people "in the" chicken
night still open window scroll, fish sill spring exhibition line."
Again to han yu's "first, give walks swim south 16" arouse the window
all start, rush day belongs to the west." This a few allusions to
reasoning: "window dressing" window "chicken" is the cult of the author
barrage tenements intellect, built as a "morning" window, under the
"call" the word points clear, response window "chicken" of chicken,
because and make people unconsciously. 2, "ready-made allusions analogy
literally, own new idea; the fault and its serious, sit real thought
forced". Goethe teach composition when once said: "composition when bees
as a model of reading, read widely and proceed from melting flowers to
form blindly, both history and does not have." Mr. Qian can be said to
be "well-read and proceed from melting flowers form blindly" master of
creation. His creation has a class description on looks "is history",
but "will be wrong and seriously, its real thought forced",
"innovative", it is difficult to put them one by one accordingly,
because they already have new forms, new contents and new fun and
allusions in it is like "water fe, glue is blue in color. Decision is to
have, but and its shape". If less Mr. Qian for the return of the native
miscellaneous poems "shallow dream deep curtain man did not wake up,
sleep sound street called butcher Song xing." Can act "curtain", "deep"
(hidden in the deep courtyard), "dream", can not sleep depth theory, and
the author slants to the "shallow dream" and "the curtain", that is
virtual and reality, but because the wine for the 'in', so it can be
"cut off"; both the principality, thus the seductions' meat 'and are'
curtain 'can' locked 'reason' dream 'dream since the "light". Again,
such as the occasional book book of poetry by born 26 years ago DianXie
wave flow like dust after book chapter ten "in the age of" old cream
used since the new snow, cold see ice appearance "by the way, there is
no origin" snow ", but because of lu you have "patio spring" : "the time
change, sigh a belt around left, some new temples to frost." A
canonical, said lu you have cream "new", then when can I had been
thought that forced "sit" to "old" snow, abandon new Chen. Author once
since the cloud: "must be both than bamboo, so as wind; ant is
effective, so should fly; blood comb 'room number already, also open an
account. Both ready-made allusions analogy literally, own new idea; the
fault and its serious, sit real thought forced", as a solution. Him as a
"Shanghai west village in WenXiao Angle" : "at first dream broken glue
is difficult to continue, gradually bring sorrow to cut the mo." "The
dream" like a lyre, reason to renew glue; Sorrow as creeping weed, so
cut and mo can eliminate. "Tears" : "means such as ink Jian often
difficult net, if for field irrigation was not deep." Than the "meaning"
is the "ink", namely "hard Jian net"; Than "love" as the "field",
namely "irrigation is not deep," and so on. Can this kind of allusion,
is the most representative economist creation, is also the hardest place
to analysis. We like to explore their origins or educational
background, or it is think of as "see ZhuangFu of abdomen fruit skin of
masters of judah, to the ox. Sheep, ask people one by one source of
strength, what a ridiculous", if we categorically specified is origin or
remote socket in which a description or allusions, or lost again
far-fetched, but if we say Mr. Qian is inspired and influenced by the
lift of the Canon of, ready-made allusions analogy literally, own new
idea; Is gather qunfang, and then be blindly, it is not wrong at all. 3,
and abandon its meaning with the word, the meaning of the author and
the original allusion basic has nothing to do. Such as "fog"
"pneumatosis without cutting into the muddy day, hanging cloud sea Liu
Quan sink." Said the fog, poetic flavour is very big, as when the chaos
at the beginning of open, sea of clouds cover over all the land. Poem
"pneumatosis" for "example, tianrui" "qi someone sorrow collapse of
heaven and earth, was killed by us, could not waste; and mixed his
concerns, due to xiao zhi, said, 'oh, pneumatosis ears, wu wu qi.'"
"muddy day" for our "peaceful" volume 2 lead sorted the day
chinese-speaking yue: "speech objects are three: a week of time, two yue
xuan night, three yue muddy day." "Cloud" of the zhuang zi, xiao yao
you "peng's back, and I do not know its thousands of; anger and fly, if
its wing hang down in a cloud of the sky." Su shi "the river, the winter
that is something" : "day spring Yin hang cloud heavy. Sit in half
drunk, outside the curtain will deep snow." "Bathygenic" out of "zhuang
zi, the Yang" : "the party and the violations, and despise and the
burden of heart, is bathygenic also." Wang chong "on short scale,
Language Usage in the Comments Section of Sexual Harassment News
Proceedings of the International Conference on Education, Language and Society
Language
usage flexibility is a common thing shown in the comment sections on
various online media. This phenomenon emerges in the politeness of
language usage in readers’ responses. By using the Appraisal System and
CMDA (Computer-Mediated Discourse Analysis), this study aims at
describing the meaning of chosen words by readers and revealing
communication context in readers’ responses to the Baiq Nuril case on
Detik.com. The research data was from the top half of the readers’ which
had the highest level of popularity in the comments section. In
addition, the data were taken from three popular news texts of Baiq
Nuril case; the popularity is based on the highest number of readers’
responses. As a result, this research found two things. First, the
commenters used words that tend to judge and have a negative meaning.
Second, the communication context in readers’ responses toward sexual
harassment news tend to intimidating, humiliating, and confrontational
either the news’ content or among the readers' responses. These results
show that a controversial theme of a news text may lead to many negative
responses.
E049 The Initial Impacts of the UK-Wide Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework
Rheumatology
The Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework, first published
September 2021, was developed to describe the physiotherapy-specific
skills and knowledge unique to the speciality and to act as a profession
standard. Dissemination strategies for the framework included profiling
through professional organisations, specialist interest groups and
online via Twitter and ResearchGate. This project aims to describe the
initial dissemination of the Framework and to provide an evaluation of
the areas of impact within rheumatology networks.
An appraisal was undertaken in October 2022 on how widely the
Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework has been used and
embedded in UK clinical practice and service delivery. Evaluation
strategies included data on downloads since publication and a brief
online survey of a convenience sample of experienced, specialist
rheumatology physiotherapists. The open-ended survey question asked for
“implementation feedback on your use of the framework” and allowed
undirected free-text comments. Responses were analysed using qualitative
content and thematic analysis.
The framework has been downloaded from the British Society for
Rheumatology website 154 times and the launch news story on the BSR
website has been viewed 4145 times; the Framework has been accessed 354
times from ResearchGate; analysis of impact on the Twitter shows 33
tweets, 238 likes and 95 “re-tweets”.
Thematic analysis identified four key areas of use of the framework:(i)
Increasing awareness of the physiotherapy role in a Rheumatology
service(ii) Personal and team professional development(iii) Recruitment,
job matching, re-banding and promotion(iv) Referral pathways and
service improvement. Quotes from the survey responses are collated
according to these identified themes in Table 1.
In its first year of publication, this brief survey indicates that the
Rheumatology Physiotherapy Capabilities Framework has already started to
accomplish many of the aims of its development. The ability for
individuals and services to compare their capabilities to an agreed
national standard is supporting staff and services in valuable ways.
Service improvement projects have been an additional benefit of the
framework. It has already become fairly well embedded in UK rheumatology
practice; however, further dissemination, awareness-raising strategies
and utilisation support are required to fully accomplish its aims.
Disclosure
W.J. Gregory: Honoraria; W.G. has received honoraria for speaker and
advisory board from Abbvie, Novartis and Pfizer. H. Chambers: None. C.
McCrum: Honoraria; C.McC. has received speaker honoraria from Novartis.
Grants/research support; C.McC. has received a funding grant from
Janssen.
ANALISIS
SISTEM APRAISAL PADA ARTIKEL PORTAL BERITA ONLINE LIPUTAN 6 YANG
BERJUDUL CLAUDIA SI CANTIK PEMIMPIN KARTEL NARKOBA MIRIP KIM KARDASHIAN
PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics
This
reserach focus on apprasisal system analysis on an article
entitled”Claudia si cantik pemimpin kartel narkoba mirip Kim
Kadarshian”. In this reserach the researcher uses descriptive
qualitative method, the data is taken form the news portal liputan6.com
that’s afiliated in Surya Citra Televisi (SCTV). That text is analyzed
by using appraisal system that focuse on attitude (affect, judgement,
and appreciation) amplifying attitude and source of attitude
(graduation). The result of this reserach shows that there are many
positive apresiataion on Claudia eventhough Claudia is a drug lord.
SHIFTS OF INTERPERSONAL MEANINGS IN TRANSLATED NEWS REPORTS OF AN INDONESIAN LOCAL NEWSPAPER
This
research aims to analyze the interpersonal meanings shifts of the
translated articles in Pikiran Rakyat as a local newspaper, and
investigates how the shifts realize potential ideological meanings. This
study applies a qualitative method of data collection and analysis. The
data of this study were taken from articles written in Pikiran Rakyat
and its original sources were taken from BBC and The Guardian news
portals. The data were analyzed by using Appraisal Theory which was
developed by Martin and White (2005). The analysis shows that the shifts
comprised clause shifts, subject shifts, and appraisal shifts. Clause
shift was employed in the titles of the translated articles and it
affects the focus of the report in the articles. Subject shift was
employed to diminish subjectivity, to add distance to the topic that is
being talked about, and to make the readers discover what is delivered
in the articles. In terms of appraisal shifts, the most dominant
sub-strategy employed was the employment of intensifying appraisal items
on the target texts to deliver the news as equivalent to the original
texts. The potential ideological meanings found in the translated
articles were affected by the local newspaper’s value. These findings
confirm Al-Mohannadi’s (2008) and Pan’s (2014) studies that
interpersonal meanings in translated news reports are determined by the
translators and that media play role to mediate news.
-----
The interplay of complexity and subjectivity in opinionated discourse
This
paper brings together cutting-edge, quantitative corpus methodologies
and discourse analysis to explore the relationship between text
complexity and subjectivity as descriptive features of opinionated
language. We are specifically interested in how text complexity and
markers of subjectivity and argumentation interact in opinionated
discourse. Our contributions include the marriage of quantitative
approaches to text complexity with corpus linguistic methods for the
study of subjectivity, in addition to large-scale analyses of evaluative
discourse. As our corpus, we use the Simon Fraser Opinion and Comments
Corpus (SOCC), which comprises approximately 10,000 opinion articles and
the corresponding reader comments from the Canadian online newspaper
The Globe and Mail, as well as a parallel corpus of hard news articles
also sampled from The Globe and Mail. Methodologically, we combine
conditional inference trees with the analysis of random forests, an
ensemble learning technique, to investigate the interplay between text
complexity and subjectivity. Text complexity is defined in terms of
Kolmogorov complexity, that is, the complexity of a text is measured
based on its description length. In this approach, texts which can be
described more efficiently are considered to be linguistically less
complex. Thus, Kolmogorov complexity is a measure of structural surface
redundancy. Our take on subjectivity is inspired by research in
evaluative language, stance and Appraisal and defined as the expression
of evaluation and opinion in language. Drawing on a sentiment analysis
lexicon and the literature on stance markers, a custom set of
subjectivity and argumentation markers is created. The results show that
complexity can be a powerful tool in the classification of text into
different text types, and that stance adverbials serve as distinctive
features of subjectivity in online news comments.
Appraisal - the Language of Evaluation and Stance
elaine
boyd academia edu, the language of evaluation appraisal in english
amazon, the language of evaluation appraisal in english j, appraising
appraisal mary macken horarik and anne r isaac, the language of
evaluation hci research, white appraisal, buy the language of evaluation
appraisal in english book, beyond exchange appraisal systems in english
0 citeseerx, key references appraisal theory homepage, evaluation
stance appraisal research papers academia edu, 9780198299868 evaluation
in text authorial stance and, 9781403904096 the language of evaluation
appraisal in, lll language linguistics amp learning corpus approaches,
fuoli annotating appraisal in text and corpora 4 0, stance linguistics
revolvy, contemporary english language journalism is the site of a,
appraisal the language of evaluation and stance pdf download,
identifying interpersonal stance in threatening discourse, free download
here pdfsdocuments2 com, british newspapers stance towards the syrian
refugee, adelaide research amp scholarship appraisal the language, the
language of evaluation appraisal in english j, the language of
evaluation appraisal in english ran zhu, the language of evaluation
appraisal in english request pdf, the language of evaluation appraisal
in english book, the language of evaluation appraisal in english, the
language of evaluation appraisal in english j, appraising research
evaluation in academic writing, dr peter white school of the arts amp
media unsw australia, voice and stance as appraisal persuading and
positioning, bibliography of appraisal stance and evaluation, appraisal
theory in translation studies an introduction, the language of
evaluation paralinguistic features as a, chapter 3 explaining the
research design and rationale, the language of evaluation springer, the
language of evaluation book douban com, yaser hadidi academia edu,
author s personal copy language sciences the contribution, the language
of evaluation by martin james r professor, adelaide research amp
scholarship appraisal the language, stance and mediation in transediting
news headlines as, an introductory course in appraisal analysis, the
language of evaluation appraisal in english j, the language of
evaluation appraisal in english ebook, the language of evaluation
appraisal in english j, appraisal discourse analysis wikipedia,
appraisal the language of attitudinal evaluation and, sebastian wagner
university of augsburg academia edu.
Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content.
Content
appraisal is a simple, qualitative system to identify modifications to
make website material more useful to clientele. This system provides a
comprehensive evaluation of content, focuses on content strategy,
identifies weaknesses, and provides recommendations for improvement. The
criteria examined included knowledge level, interrelatedness,
relevance, usability, actionability, and differentiation. HorseQuest, a
pioneer Community of Practice (CoP) for eXtension, was the first to
apply a content appraisal process in an attempt to document the efficacy
and impact of their web content. This appraisal system can be
effectively used by other groups to help improve a website's usefulness
to clientele. Introduction Content appraisal, a simple qualitative
system, will provide Extension personnel and other website users with a
method that is easy to use that ensures relevance and usefulness to
clientele, increasing its effectiveness. Previous website analysis has
focused mainly on the survey of users and the use of Web analytics
software (Parish, 2011) or Neilsen's heuristics (Nielsen, 1994; Nielsen,
2005). Web analytics software, such as Google Analytics, provides
detailed information regarding the use of a the website, including page
views, average time users spend on pages, and bounce rate. Nielsen's
heuristics are the 10 general principles for the design of the user
interface, which focus on usability of a website. In contrast, the
content appraisal system involves the thorough evaluation of content and
results in a report that focuses on content strategy and identification
of weaknesses and provides recommendations for improvement. HorseQuest,
an eXtension Community of Practice (CoP), used this method to evaluate
content Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the Effectiveness
& Usability of Online Content
http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM] on
their site. The criteria examined included knowledge level,
interrelatedness, relevance, usability, actionability, and
differentiation. HorseQuest was the first CoP to create a content
appraisal report based on these criteria. The purpose of analyzing the
content on eXtension.org was to review the existing site for overall
effectiveness and adherence to HorseQuest's goals. In the strategic
content foundation for this project, these three organizational goals
were identified: Empower people to make smart decisions that improve the
quality of their lives. Provide credible, reliable, research-based
information, tools, and solutions people can use. Bestow the knowledge
from the best minds at land grant universities to the communityat-large.
In addition, we've identified the following key guiding principles for
content creation: Content developed by HorseQuest becomes part of that
community. Content creators will be credited for their contributions,
which may affect promotions and tenure. Content contributors should
believe in collaborating on content—including letting others in the
HorseQuest CoP make decisions about content they've created. Duplication
of existing content should be avoided. Content contributors should
strive to understand who their content is for—local audience vs.
national audience; novice reader vs. expert reader. CoP content will
need to change and evolve to meet the needs of the HorseQuest CoP
audiences. (adapted from Brain Traffic's eXtension Qualitative Report,
2010) Materials and Methods The content appraisal report was organized
by sections. Section one included the goals of the organization, a "what
we did" section which described the scope, content selection, process
of content appraisal, and appraisal attributes (criteria). Appraisal
attributes included: Knowledge level—the level of specialized knowledge
needed to understand website content. Interrelatedness—how well pieces
of content link to other content on the website. Relevance—how current
and of interest the contest is to the intended audience. Usability—the
readability and effectiveness of the presentation of the content.
Actionability—the explanation of a next step to be taken by the user.
Differentiation—how the content fills a unique need or offers a unique
perspective. Section two focused on HorseQuest's content performance,
including the format of the content (including answers from our experts,
articles, audio, learning lesson, video, news, or other such as
glossary terms); appraisal attributes, which included knowledge level,
interrelatedness, relevance, usability, actionability, and
differentiation; and other observations including overall key findings.
Section three discussed the number of pages appraised, areas for
improvement and strengths of the site. Content Appraisal as a Method for
Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content
http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM]
Content Appraisal Results Content appraisal for this report covered 213
webpages. The focus of these results is Section 2, related to content
performance, which other Extension professionals will likely find to be
most relevant. Percentages may not add up to 100 because of rounding to
the nearest whole number. Format of the material on the website was the
first thing appraised (Table 1). Table 1. Format of the Material on the
Website Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) Answer Content in
Answers from our Experts 0.94% Article Content that is solely or
primarily text 37.09% Audio Content that is solely or primarily sound
files 0% Learning Lesson Online lessons or tools 2.35% News Content in
In the News 0.94% Video Content that is solely or primarily video 2.81%
Other Glossary terms, other 55.87% Subject matter knowledge level needed
to understand or use the page was appraised (Table 2). Table 2. Subject
Matter Knowledge Level Needed Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised)
1-LOW No specialized knowledge is required or assumed. 45.07% 2MEDIUM
Some knowledge is required. 48.83% 3-HIGH A high level of subject matter
knowledge is required. 6.10% Interrelatedness (how the content fitted
and linked to other content in the CoP) was appraised (Table 3). Table
3. Interrelatedness of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised)
1-LOW Lack of working links to other content 29.11% Tone is inconsistent
with other content in a Content Appraisal as a Method for Measuring the
Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content
http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM] way
that’s strongly distracting. Content is off-topic 2MEDIUM Links exist
but some are broken 25.82% Tone is moderately inconsistent with other
CoP content Tags are mostly absent (e.g., only one tag and it’s
non-specific) 3-HIGH Good links, tone, tags 45.07% Relevance (timeliness
and interesting to the intended audience) was appraised (Table 4).
Table 4. Relevance of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised)
1-LOW Outdated, no longer relevant 1.88% 2MEDIUM Appears dated/stale or
is of interest only to a small geographic area 5.63% 3-HIGH Timely or
"evergreen" content 92.49% Usability, which focused on the content
having clear, descriptive headings and subheadings, appropriate sentence
and paragraph length, use of graphics, bullets, tables, charts, etc.,
where appropriate, and overall readability, was appraised (Table 5).
Table 5. Usability of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised)
1-LOW Numerous minor problems, a few moderate problems, or one major
problem that seriously interferes with the content. 6.10% 2MEDIUM Minor
to moderate problem(s). 29.58% 3-HIGH No significant problems. 64.32%
Actionability, which focused on whether there was a clear next step for
the current audience of the content and a means of facilitation of that
step, was appraised (Table 6). Table 6. Actionability of Content Value
Meaning TOTAL (of pages appraised) 1-LOW No next steps given. 40.85%
2MEDIUM Next step is implied or vague; next step depends on a link that
is broken; indirect or absent call to 15.02% Content Appraisal as a
Method for Measuring the Effectiveness & Usability of Online Content
http://www.joe.org/joe/2012august/tt3p.shtml[8/27/2012 4:38:48 PM]
action (CTA). 3-HIGH Next step is clear, specific, and stated
explicitly; effective CTA. 44.13% Differentiation, which focused on
whether the page filled a unique need, provided information or a
perspective that is not readily available elsewhere, was appraised
(Table 7). Table 7. Differentiation of Content Value Meaning TOTAL (of
pages appraised) 1-LOW Topic is better covered elsewhere, and page
doesn't contribute to a strong body of content for HorseQuest 29.10%
2MEDIUM Information is generally known or topic is covered elsewhere,
but page provides some modest benefit over other sources, or contribute
to providing comprehensive information in HorseQuest 53.52% 3-HIGH Page
offers a unique perspective, information not widely known, or better
explanations than other sources. 17.38% Conclusions The content
appraisal process helped the HorseQuest CoP analyze its existing online
material and make improvements. It has also helped ensure that the
website adheres to the CoP's organizational goals and guiding principles
for content creation. Any content that received a low or medium rating
is being examined and strengthened. The appraisal attributes used here
are just a guideline; website creators can create their own set of
standards. A solid content appraisal process can help address problem
areas of a website as well as build upon strengths of the website to
make content more usable to the audience. References Brain Traffic.
(2010). eXtension Qualitative Report. Nielsen, J. (2005). Ten Usability
Heuristics. Retrieved from:
http://www.useit.com/papers/heuristic/heuristic_list.html Nielsen, J.
(1994). Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics. Paper
presented at the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors
in Computing Systems: Celebrating Interdependence, 152-158. Parish J. A.
(2011). Website u
Analisis
Wacana Kritis Teks Berita Kasus Terbongkarnya Perlakuan Istimewa
terhadap Terpidana Suap Arthalyta Suryani pada Media Online
Every
choice of meaning is ideologically motivated. Ideology is most
effective when its working is least visible. Interpreting ideology in a
text can be seen from the choice of vocabulary and its grammatical
construction. To analyze it we need to interpret not just the text but
also the relationship between text, and its social condition. According
to Fairclough, they can be grouped in three steps, those are
description, interpretation and explanation. The stage of description is
concerned with formal properties of the text, the interpretation is
concerned with the relationship between text and its interactions, the
explanation is concerned with the relationship between interpretation
and social context. This research aims to analysis the coverage about
the revealed case of preferential treatment of Arthalyta Suryani, a
convicted bribe, at Pondok Bambu detention written by two online media
these are detikNews.com and kompas.com by analyzing their appraisal
system and their intertextuality. From the data analysis, ideology of
the two media about this case can be seen. The data is taken from the
news posted on January the tenth to twelfth 2010. The methods used to
analyze the data are referential method, substitusional method and
abductive inference method. Referential method is to analyze appraisal
system and discursivity intertextuality of the text. In order to make
the analysis of appraisal system valid, the substitusional method is
needed. Then abductive inference method is needed to analyze manifest
intertextuality of the text. From the analysis of the data, it can be
concluded that every media has its own way to state its ideology. The
ideology has closed relation with target market that is the reader.
DetikNews.com is strightforward and short news, with incisive vocabulary
choices, they are related to news item genre that detikNews.com has,
but this media is lack of intertextuality. It makes the news
superficial. On the other way, kompas.com has a deep coverage and strong
intertextuality, it is suitable for someone who wants comprehensive
information.
The Language of Appraisals in Articles About Ice Hockey
Media
articles, regardless of the media in which they are published (e.g.
news, a report, a notification), are generally expected to be
characterized by balance and objectivity as one of their most important
and identifiable characteristics. However, the results of the analysis
show that this is not entirely true for the articles about ice hockey
analysed in this thesis. Thus, the presence of a certain degree of
subjectivity has been determined. In the thesis, the article was
considered objective when the writer wrote about the facts and data that
could be checked and did not reveal his/her emotions, presence or
opinion. At the same time, the article was considered subjective when
the writer was present in the article in a way that s/he revealed
his/her emotions or s/he evaluated what was going on and/or the hockey
players. For the analysis, the appraisal model developed in 2005 by
Martin and White was used because it turned out to be the most useful as
their appraisal categories (graduation, engagement, and attitude) cover
all lexical choices, with which one shows his/her attitude or
engagement or graduates something. Appraisal can be a single word or a
phrase that indirectly/implicitly or directly/explicitly expresses one’s
opinion, judgement, or engagement. According to the Longman Dictionary
of Contemporary English (LDOCE), appraisal is “a statement or opinion
judging the worth, value, or condition of something”
(https://www.ldoceonline.com/dictionary/appraisal), while the Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (OALD, 8th Edition) defines it as “a
judgement of the value, performance or nature of sb/sth” (OALD 2010:
62). The analysis of the articles was carried out with Computer Assisted
Text Markup and Analysis (CATMA) platform. Objectives of the thesis
were to research the differences in the use of appraisals in the
articles that describe the same event, i.e. the ice hockey match. Thus,
it was researched how the author’s presence and engagement were
reflected through appraisal, and how much of subjectivity was present in
the articles that were supposed to be objective. Next, I was interested
in how the writer is positioned in the articles which report about the
winning team, and how in the articles reporting about the losing team.
Finally, it was researched which types of appraisal were used in three
articles which report about the same match and were published on the
official web sites of Los Angeles Kings and Colorado Avalanche, and in
the article that was published in a neutral web media FOX Sports. The
results showed that the articles that were published on the official web
sites of the teams tended to be more subjective as numerous instances
of the writer’s presence and engagement were found. On the other hand,
the article from the neutral web site turned out to be the most
objective and unbiased, even though some instances of the writer’s
presence and engagement were found as well.
Fake news and the mediatised imagination
The
mass media provide the auditoria with the attractive texts aiming
mainly or solely at the powerful emotional and sensual stimulation. To
the auditoria, these texts constitute the source of the narratives,
heuristics, and interpretations handy in the description and
representation of the world. Such a mediatised imagination facilitates
spreading stereotypes, hearsay, and fake information. It is possible to
describe a certain type of people’s cultural experiences in the
mediatised society by means of a metaphor of the shock caused by the
electric eel. The experience thus described is short and intense,
composed of poignant sensations and strong emotions, still, devoid of
any significant intellectual content. Such experiences provide a sense
of detachment from reality and immersion into the alternative world, and
participation in this world together with a large crowd of others. One
can surmise that the experiential participation in culture contributes
to the reshaping of social representations of various social phenomena,
their altered evaluation, diffusion, and hierarchisation. It may be
therefore co-responsible for the faith in the so-called post-truth, the
dissemination of superstitions, the cultivation of stereotypes and
prejudices, and the mediatisation of the imagination. The logic of
suspicion and eclecticism of methodology The word “surmise” is being
used consciously here, with the perfect awareness that in the academic
discourse the conjectures need only be the basis for hypotheses
empirically confirmable through an intersubjectively valid methodology.
Hopefully, sometime such a methodology will be built. Meanwhile, the
conjectures allow for the construction of an essay. It might be
contributive to the discussion about the deep causes of the calamity
that the massmediated distribution of fake news and the dissemination of
post-truth has become in recent years. The distribution of fake news
ruins the public sphere, distorts political choices of citizens,
diminishes the prestige of science while bolstering the spreading of the
common knowledge, and, releases demons hidden inside social stereotypes
and prejudices. Technological explanations of this phenomenon lead to
the easy attribution of blame to the social media tools: lo and behold,
the reason fetched away as a result of the technical solutions enabling
mass distribution and authentication of every, even the most absurd
information both by humans and by the human-emulating algorithms.
Sociological explanations point to the collapse of the social trust and
the post-modern crisis of the worldordering “great narratives”.
Political scientists describe the dangerous connections between the
economic deprivation of the large groups of people and populism that
uses their frustration to spread the totalitarian vision of reality.
Each of these explanations touches the heart of the problem, but only to
a certain extent. Media scholar/semiotician (which is the position of
the author of this essay) is also unable to provide the key to its
complete understanding. However, the media-socio-semiotic perspective
may help to diagnose how the mediatised culture produces not only fake
news on their own, but also the context incentivising their
distribution, paired with people’s emotional and cognitive attitudes
conducive to it. It can also indicate the cultural forces enabling the
resistance against the posttruth invasion. The awareness of the
inability to fully empirically validate the theses expressed in this
essay has to lead to the partial scepticism as to the adopted heuristic
and cognitive procedures. However, it does not have to lead to the
complete disqualification of the applied methodology. It is instead
useful to remind that its explicatory power is not absolute, so the used
methods should be triangulated with the sociological, political and
anthropological methodologies. Hence the methodological eclecticism: the
use of socio-semiotic tools, sociological concepts and the achievements
of communication science. The media studies, as a young discipline
lacking a single unified Great Theory, feed on these encounters.
Experiences and practices The metaphor of electric eel used at the
beginning of this essay refers to the particular type of the experience
of the media users, resulting from the comprehensive, very intense
stimulation of their senses. It is based on the illusion of an intimate,
direct physical reception of the cultural text, but in reality, it
cannot do without the use of sense-enhancing technology. The
technological mediation is also the source of the sense of togetherness,
the co-participation in large aggregative processes, a kind of
initiation binding the participants of the particular cultural event
against the rest of the world. In concert with the character of our
current culture such experiences happen to us incessantly during a
concert, performance, match, exhibition, election rally, at the shopping
mall and in front of a TV. They are pleasurable because of providing
users with the emotional and sensory stimulations, even though they do
not have to be joyful or cheerful, and sometimes they rely on arousing
anger, fear or disgust. Although very strong, they are transient and
temporary. They are basically unrepeatable, although the recipients can
try to reprise them, and they have at their disposal the text and image
registration devices allowing to do it to some extent. Media science
theories of media dependency and the newer versions of the cultivation
theory suggest that the recurring, longterm technologically mediated
cultural experiences of this kind generate the particular reception
attitudes. This can influence the acquirement of knowledge or shape
various 1 S.J. Ball-Rokeach, J.Y. Jung, The evolution of media system
dependency theory [in:] Sage handbook of media processes and effects,
ed. R. Nabi, M.B. Oliver, Thousand Oaks 2009, pp. 531–544. 2 M. Morgan,
J. Shanahan, Two decades of cultivation research: An appraisal and
meta-analysis, “Annals of the International Communication Association”,
1997, 20, pp. 1–45, doi: 10.1080/23808985.1997.11678937 [access:
1.07.2018]. Also: M. Morgan, J. Shanahan, N. Signorelli, Yesterday's new
cultivation, tomorrow, “Mass Communication and Society”, 2015, 18/5,
pp. 674–699, doi:10.1080/15205436.2015.1072725 [access: 1.07.2018].
people’s choices not only in the sphere of culture, but also in
politics, education, consumption, or lifestyle. The experiential model
of cultural reception is based on the synthesis of technologies and
market mechanisms of the mediatised culture, mass-producing spectacular
texts devoid of intellectual depth which then become powerful,
collective experiences of large audiences. While pondering this type of
media experiences, it is worth looking for a perspective allowing for
the description of their social dimensions. The socio-semiotic theories
of reception seem to be useful and applicative in this respect. Not
without reason, Nick Couldry's work on media practices has been in
recent years widely cited in Western academia and applied to explain
various phenomena in the realm of social communication. The British
communication sociologist, drawing on Ludwig Wittgenstein and Teodor
Schatzky, perceives the media use as a kind of social practice: the set
of recurring human activities of universal, repetitive, routine,
ritualised character, incident to the human needs of communication and
interaction, cooperation, trust and freedom. Each time, they consist of
the activity, co-related communication (production of discourse) and the
re-ordering of the world knowledge, hierarchisation of the issues,
establishment of the criteria of truth and accuracy of the collective
interpretations of the various social phenomena. This clearly entails
that practices are related to power, social hierarchy and knowledge
production processes. Their repeatability and universality in our life
lead to specific collective attitudes and values. Therefore, the
collective and repetitive nature of media practices has considerable
practical import. They enable the dissemination of certain types of
discourse, shape the construction and transfer of knowledge, lead to
naturalisation of particular representations of social life. The media
practices constantly interact with the consumption, political,
religious, health, educational and family practices which leads to the
changes in the collective evaluation of the social phenomena, and in the
uses of culture, the tastes, and preferences, consumer and political
choices, and private decisions of people. Therefore the character of the
media texts serving as the background for the most prevalent practices
is of enormous importance. 3 N. Couldry, Media, society, world. Social
theory and digital media practice, Cambridge 2012. See, by the same
author: Media w kontekście praktyk. Próba teoretyczna [Theorising Media
as Practice], “Kultura Popularna” 2010, 27/1, pp. 96–113. 4 T.R.
Schatzky, Social practices: a Wittgensteinian approach to human activity
and the social, New York 1996. 5 N. Couldry, Media, society, world...,
op. cit., p. 34 et seq. 6 E. Shove, M. Pantzar, M. Watson, The dynamics
of social practice: Everyday life and how it changes, London 2012.
Convergence and unity The metaphor of an electric eel culture relates to
the era of industrial production and distribution of experiences.
Despite their repetitive nature, they are promoted by the cultural
industry as unique, perception-altering, and unforgettable, whereas the
technologicallysupported communication gives the access to the same
“unique” experience to large numbers of people. Paradoxically, the
cultural industry itself, while promoting the uniqueness of its
products, uses different content, formal and distribution solutions to
emphasise the collective character of the experiences of large human
aggregates and encourage us to communicate with other users by means of
the convergent interactive media. Such e
A Rhetirical Analysis of Lead Stories in Selected Kenyan Mainstream Newspapers and the Alternative Press
This
study set out to investigate the rhetorical structures employed by news
report writers to communicate persuasively and convincingly to their
anticipated readerships. This was by comparing the mainstream newspapers
and the alternative press. The study also investigated the clause
relations which facilitate the interaction between the news report texts
and their anticipated readerships. This was guided by Hoey's (1983)
clause relations theory. Finally, the study investigated the writer's
stance towards his reported message and the people they report about,
with an aim of revealing the reporter's underlying attitude. The
assumption here was that the reporters take certain stances towards
their topics or the people they report on for a rhetorical purpose: to
manipulate the reader. Tools for the analysis of stance were drawn from
Martin and Rose's (2003) the stance and appraisal framework. A
qualitative research design was adopted for this purpose. Data were
purposively drawn from mainstream and alternative Kenyan newspapers. The
lead stories were purposively sampled depending on the topical issue:
political party politics. Stratified sampling was adopted to sample
three reports per paper within the year 2008. This data was then
analyzed. Three theoretical approaches guided this study namely: the
Rhetorical Genre Approach, the Clause Relations Approach and the
Appraisal Framework. The following findings emerged: The lead story in
the mainstream newspapers adheres to the typical narrative structure.
However, it portrays slight internal structural differences. Each
component in the structure has a specific persuasive function that it
plays in the reports. On the other hand, the lead story in the
alterative press does not adhere to the typical narrative structure
rendering them ineffective communicative tools. Where clause relations
in the lead stories are appropriately signaled, they enhance interaction
between the texts and their anticipated readerships. Mis-signaling or
undersignaling of clause relations in the lead story hinders correct
interpretation of the news stories. Lastly, news reporters mix their
personal attitudes towards their messages or even the people they report
about in an otherwise discourse field which advocates for objectivity
and factuality. The study recommends the need for news writers to adhere
to generic narrative structures in order to persuasively and
effectively communicate to the readers. They should also appropriately
signal clause relations to enhance interaction between the text and the
reader. Reporters should consider the fact that they are writing to
communicate effectively, they should therefore consider facilitating
this interaction between them and the reader, and as such they should
not under signal or mis-signal the clause relations. This may interfere
with the reader's interpretation of the texts, hindering effective
communication. Lastly, reporters should adhere to the journalistic
ideals of objectivity and factuality even when reporting on emotional
issues.
REPRESENTASI KORBAN PELECEHAN SEKSUAL DAN RESEPSI PEMBACA PADA BERITA DI MEDIA DARING
Penelitian
ini merupakan kombinasi analisis transitivitas, analisis resepsi, dan
analisis appraisal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat bagaimana
korban pelecehan seksual direpresentasikan pada teks berita pelecehan
seksual dan bagaimana sikap pembaca dalam menanggapi teks berita
tersebut. Teks berita yang digunakan berasal dari Detik.com. Pengumpulan
data dilakukan dengan studi pustaka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode
deskriptif kualitatif untuk membahas fitur-fitur kebahasaan pada teks
berita dan tanggapan pembaca. Maka, analisis transitivitas digunakan
untuk mengetahui representasi korban pelecehan seksual yang tergambarkan
pada teks berita di Detik.com pada kasus pelecehan seksual yang menimpa
Baiq Nuril. Kemudian, penggunaan analisis attitude dari sistem
appraisal ditujukan untuk melihat kecenderungan sikap pembaca dalam
menanggapi teks berita. Selanjutnya, analisis resepsi dilakukan untuk
mengetahui penerimaan pembaca terhadap berita pelecehan seksual yang
terjadi pada Baiq Nuril. Hasilnya, penelitian ini berhasil menjawab tiga
pertanyaan penelitian. Pertama, representasi korban pelecehan seksual
yang digambarkan oleh Detik.com pada berita pelecehan seksual Baiq Nuril
adalah korban dinyatakan sebagai korban pelecehan secara verbal. Kedua,
sikap bahasa pada kolom tanggapan pembaca cenderung menunjukkan
kata-kata judgement bermakna negatif. Ketiga, resepsi yang paling banyak
terjadi pada kolom tanggapan pembaca adalah negotiated position.
ABSTRACT
This research is a mixture of transitivity, reception, and appraisal
analysis. The purpose of this study is to see how a victim of sexual
harassment is represented in the sexual harassment news text and how the
reader’s response in responding to the news text. The news text used is
from Detik.com. Data collection is done by library research. This study
used a descriptive qualitative method to investigate linguistic
features in news texts and reader responses. Thus, transitivity analysis
is used to determine the representation of sexual harassment victim
depicted in the news text on Detik.com in the case of sexual harassment
that happened to Baiq Nuril. Then, the use of attitude analysis of the
appraisal system is intended to see the tendency of readers’ attitudes
in responding to the news texts. Furthermore, a reception analysis is
conducted to determine the reader’s acceptance of the news texts. As the
result, this research has answered three research questions. First, the
representation of the sexual harassment victim described by Detik.com
is that the victim was being harassed verbally. Second, the attitude of
the readers tend to show the judgement words with negative meaning.
Third, the most common reception category happened in the reader’s
comment section is the negotiated position.
'Friends', 'fans', and foes : identity performance through responses to Facebook brand marketing
This
thesis is an investigation of a relatively recently-emerging type of
social media discourse, where individuals reply to marketing and
advertising messages that appear within their Facebook news feeds.
Unlike in consumer discourse such as product reviews, the primary
purpose of this interaction appears to be social in nature, due in part
to the brand posts’ contextualization within the social space of the
news feed.
This thesis is concerned with the ways that responders ‘use’ news feed
marketing messages as opportunities for the performance of identity, and
how this is achieved linguistically through discursive exchange and
evaluative language. This research question is approached through a
triangulated discourse analytic approach grounded in Systemic Functional
Linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004/2014), with a particular
focus on the interpersonal dimension of meaning.
The corpus includes 18 brand posts, consisting of images, text, and
hyperlinks, and 540 comment responses. The first analytical layer is an
analysis of the context of the interaction, which consists of a
multimodal generic analysis of the form and function of the brand posts,
as well as a description of the communicative purposes of responders
(Martin & Rose, 2003; 2008). The second stage of analysis is a
consideration of identity performance through interactive discourse
exchange, using Negotiation analysis (Eggins & Slade, 1997; Martin,
1992). Finally, the third and central layer of analysis employs
Appraisal theory (Martin & White, 2005) to investigate performances
of identity through evaluation of emotions, aesthetics, and ethics.
While there is an increasingly large amount of quantitative research
considering the use and effectiveness of this emerging advertising
model, there is to date no qualitative linguistic research considering
the role of identity in responses to brand messages. The present study
addresses this gap in the literature, whilst also addressing
methodological issues and suggesting adaptations for applying these
linguistic frameworks to computer moderated communication
Improving multilingual sentiment analysis using linguistic knowledge
The
need for the automatic analysis of opinions in written texts, which has
been growing in recent years in several domains, has made Sentiment
Analysis a very popular field (Liu 2012). In this area, systems have
been traditionally classifying sentences as positive or negative only in
accordance to the sentiment that words most frequently assume (e.g.
“angry” negative, “beautiful” positive).
Such strategies present two main limitations: 1. Multiple opinions often
appear in the same sentence, with each expressing an opposing sentiment
on different subjects (e.g. a positive opinion is expressed on the plot
of a film, but a negative one on the actors' performance).
2. The most frequent sentiment, collected in sentiment dictionaries,
does not take into account the fact that context often alters the
orientation. Sentiment dictionaries have also been demonstrated to have
small coverage (Di Bari, Sharoff et al. 2013, Di Bari 2015).
As a consequence, I propose an automatic system based on deep linguistic
knowledge given in particular by dependency parsing relations (Nivre
2005) and by attributes taken from the Appraisal framework (Martin and
White 2005), a theory concerned with the language of evaluation,
attitude and emotion within Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday
1978).
As a basis for the creation of the automatic system, I tailored an
annotation scheme called SentiML inspired by previous works (Whitelaw,
Garg et al. 2005, Bloom, Garg et al. 2007, Bloom and Argamon 2009) and
carried out the annotation task in three languages (English, Italian and
Russian) by using MAE (Stubbs 2011).
The resulting corpora consist of around 500 sentences and 9000 tokens
for each language. The corpora contain both original texts and
translations of different types: news, political speeches and TED talks
(Cettolo, Girardi et al. 2012).
The foundation of SentiML lies in the fact that an opinion can be
captured in a pair consisting of usually two words with different
functions: a target as the expression the sentiment refers to, and a
modifier as the expression conveying the sentiment.
The pair consisting of the target and the modifier altogether is called
appraisal group. Along with these main categories, the annotation
includes their attributes, among which the most important are the
appraisal type according to the Appraisal framework (‘affect’,
‘appreciation’, ‘judgement’) and the orientation (‘positive’ or
‘negative’, both out-of-context and contextual).
A detailed manual analysis of the translation strategies (Baker 2002)
and the appraisal types across the corpora, supported by insights from
Corpus Linguistics has been carried out. The most interesting
expressions found during such analysis have been automatically analysed
afterwards with the aim of having a further evaluation of the system.
Nonetheless, the main evaluation consists of a comparison with a
rule-based system that makes use of already existing tools such as the
part-of-speech (POS) tagger and the sentiment dictionary.
The main objective of this work is to demonstrate that the Appraisal
framework and Sentiment analysis can successfully support each other.
The additional consideration that this has been done not only for
English, but in parallel for Italian and Russian (and as one of the
first applications of the Appraisal Framework in these languages) and
for different text types, makes the research unique. Moreover, because
the methodology used to compare a variety of linguistic features
(morphological, grammatical, lexical, syntactical) at work in sentiment
analysis has been applied to three languages belonging to different
families (Germanic, Romance and Slavonic), it is expected to be
generalizable to other languages.
As far as the practical applications are concerned, the automatic system
could be used in any field in which written opinions need to be
analysed. In the meanwhile, the new individual resources such as the
annotated corpora and the Maltparser models for Italian and Russian have
been made publicly available.
Dress Codes Blues: An Exploration of Urban Students' Reactions to a Public High School Uniform Policy.
This
qualitative investigation explores the responses of 22 U.S. urban
public high school students when confronted with their newly imposed
school uniform policy. Specifically, the study assessed students'
appraisals of the policy along with compliance and academic performance.
Guided by ecological human development perspectives and grounded in
theory-based qualitative analysis, the study elucidated the themes that
emerged in relevant student narratives. Findings indicated that the
overwhelming majority of students were opposed to and non-compliant with
the school uniform policy, and that these responses were unrelated to
school performance. Students developed oppositional strategies designed
to undermine the policy and to retain some semblance of freedom and
dignity. Suggestions for further research and policy are provided. THE
NATIONAL CONTEXT The re-emergence of school uniforms as a policy in many
U.S. public school districts has seemed timely. In the wake of media
saturated with teenage horror stories such as news coverage and
commentary of the 1999 Columbine tragedy and what these tragedies might
represent in terms of adolescent individualism and alienation run amok,
school uniforms appear to represent an ideal solution for creating
homogeneity and, possibly, harmony in student populations. Such a
unified body of youth would presumably be free to emerge without the
otherwise obvious divisive markers of wealth, status, or gang
affiliation. One might expect that the homogeneity provided by a uniform
would especially ameliorate the urgent sense of needing to fit in with
one's peers-particularly during the transition to high school, when so
many developmental tasks need balancing by these youth (Rubinstein,
1995). But how might one reconcile this attempt to enforce such
uniformity in the paramount American institution of socialization, when
the American ideal elsewhere espouses a creed of individuality and
freedom at all costs? For teenagers, the astute readers of fashion as
social texts (Brumberg, 1997), what might a standardized dress policy
come to represent, and what are their experiences in confronting such
policy? Perhaps these questions are especially salient in urban
contexts, which have served as epicenters for these public policy
practices and debates, due to the need for innovative, pervasive reforms
in these school districts. Many urban, minority youth are particularly
in need of creative interventions for helping them negotiate their
unique developmental challenges. Policies that are focused solely on the
macro-structural problems in urban schools fail to take into account
how such developmental needs will interact with such strategies. There
are consequences to neglecting urban youth at a stage in their lives
when they are searching for autonomy and responsibility. They have a
need to exert power, but they are powerless. In the absence of such
means, one can understand how appearance and clothing choices become the
ultimate tools for meeting these needs. Hence, autocratically mandated
uniform policies could understandably be met with resistance among
"disenfranchised" urban youth. Less formal "dress codes," which are
officially distinguished by an emphasis on what not to wear (Anderson,
2002), seem on the less stringent end of the continuum, and, thus,
possibly fare better in these public school contexts. Nevertheless, some
public schools have claimed uniform implementation "successes"
(Holloman, LaPoint, Alleyne, Palmer, & Sanders-Phillips, 1996; U.S.
Department of Education, 1996). Such cases are generally part of larger
school missions to improve the educational climate. This juxtaposition
in agendas might suggest that successful implementation of a public
school uniform policy is based in the subtext of the strategy, that is,
in the messages conveyed through the development and enforcement of the
uniform policy. Is it a policy that is based on pride, membership, and
inspiration, or on punishment, exclusion, and restriction? …
Ideologi Pemberitaan Teks Kasus Terbongkarnya Perlakuan Istimewa Terhadap Terpidana Suap Arthalyta Suryani pada Media Online
Every
choice of meaning is ideologically motivated. Ideology is most
effective when its working is least visible. Interpreting ideology in a
text can be seen from the choice of vocabulary and its grammatical
construction. To analyze it we need to interpret not just the text but
also the relationship between text, and its social condition. According
to Fairclough they can be grouped in three steps those are description,
interpretation and explanation. The stage of description is concerned
with formal properties of the text, the interpretation is concerned with
the relationship between text and its interactions, the explanation is
concerned with the relationship between interpretation and social
context. This research aims to analysis the coverage about the revealed
case of preferential treatment of Arthalyta Suryani, a convicted bribe,
at Pondok Bambu detention written by two online media these are
detikNews.com and kompas.com by analyzing their appraisal system and
their intertextuality. From the data analysis, ideology of the two media
about this case can be seen. The data is taken from the news posted on
January the tenth to twelfth 2010. The methods used to analyze the data
are referential method to analyze appraisal system and discursivity
intertextuality of the text. In order to make the analysis of appraisal
system valid, the substitusional method is needed. Then abductive
inference method is needed to analyze manifest intertextuality of the
text. From the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that every
media has its own way to state its ideology. The ideology has closed
relation with target market that is the reader. DetikNews.com is
strightforward and short news, with incisive vocabulary choices, they
are related to news item genre that detikNews.com has, but this media is
lack of intertextuality. It makes the news superficial. On the other
way, kompas.com has a deep coverage and strong intertextuality, it is
suitable for someone who wants comprehensive information. Keywords:
critical discourse analysis, ideology, appraisal system,
intertextuality.
Setiap pilihan makna termotivasi secara ideologi. Pengaruh ideologi
akan sangat efektif bila cara kerjanya tidak terdeteksi. Pada teks,
interpretasi ideologi dapat dilihat dari pilihan kosakata serta struktur
gramatika teks tersebut. Untuk menganalisisnya, tidak hanya dilakukan
interpretasi teks tetapi juga interpretasi hubungan yang ada dalam teks
tersebut serta kondisi-kondisi sosial yang melingkupinya. Menurut
Fairclough, cara-cara analisis ini dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga tahap
yaitu deskripsi, interpretasi dan eksplanasi. Tahap deskripsi berkaitan
dengan bentuk formal teks, tahap interpretasi berhubungan dengan relasi
antarteks dan interaksi di dalamnya. Sedangkan tahap eksplanasi
merupakan tahap yang berkonsentrasi pada interpretasi teks yang
dihubungkan dengan konteks sosial teks tersebut. Tujuan penelitian ini
adalah untuk menganalisis liputan berita kasus terbongkarnya perlakuan
istimewa terhadap terpidana suap Arthalyta Suryani di Rutan Pondok Bambu
yang ditulis oleh dua media online yaitu detikNews.com dan kompas.com
dengan menggunakan sistem appraisal serta intertekstualitas teks. Dari
hasil analisisnya dapat diketahui ideologi atau sikap kedua media online
ini terhadap kasus tersebut. Data diambil dari liputan yang terbit pada
tanggal 10-12 Januari 2010. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis
data adalah metode padan referensi, yaitu untuk menganalisis penggunaan
sistem appraisal dan discursivity intertextuality pada teks. Sedangkan
untuk validasi hasil analisis penggunaan sistem appraisal digunakan
metode agih. Metode inferensi abduktif digunakan untuk menganalisis
manifest intertextuality teks. Dari hasil analisis data, dapat
disimpulkan bahwa setiap media memiliki caranya sendiri untuk menyatakan
ideologi yang dimilikinya. Ideologi ini berhubungan dengan sasaran baca
yaitu pembaca. Liputan berita detikNews.com adalah lugas dan pendek
dengan ketajaman pilihan kosakata. Hal ini berhubungan dengan jenis
genre yang dimilikinya yaitu news item. Tetapi, media ini tidak memiliki
intertekstualitas yang kuat sehingga beritanya terkesan dangkal. Di
lain pihak, kompas.com memiliki liputan berita yang dalam dan kaya akan
intertekstualitas, sehingga liputan berita macam ini sesuai untuk
pembaca yang ingin mendapatkan informasi yang komprehensif. Kata kunci:
analisis wacana kritis, ideologi, sistem appraisal, intertekstualitas.
Old mastheads and new media : newspapers striving to adapt in Australia and South-east Asia
As
a key element in their response to new media forcing transformations in
mass media and media use, newspapers have deployed various strategies
to not only establish online and mobile products, and develop healthy
business plans, but to set out to be dominant portals. Their response to
change was the subject of an early investigation by one of the present
authors (Keshvani 2000). That was part of a set of short studies
inquiring into what impact new software applications and digital
convergence might have on journalism practice (Tickle and Keshvani
2000), and also looking for demonstrations of the way that innovations,
technologies and protocols then under development might produce a
“wireless, streamlined electronic news production process (Tickle and
Keshvani 2001).”
The newspaper study compared the online products of The Age in Melbourne
and the Straits Times in Singapore. It provided an audit of the
Singapore and Australia Information and Communications Technology (ICT)
climate concentrating on the state of development of carrier networks,
as a determining factor in the potential strength of the two services
with their respective markets. In the outcome, contrary to initial
expectations, the early cable roll-out and extensive ‘wiring’ of the
city in Singapore had not produced a level of uptake of Internet
services as strong as that achieved in Melbourne by more ad hoc and
varied strategies. By interpretation, while news websites and online
content were at an early stage of development everywhere, and much the
same as one another, no determining structural imbalance existed to
separate these leading media participants in Australia and South-east
Asia.
The present research revisits that situation, by again studying the
online editions of the two large newspapers in the original study, and
one other, The Courier Mail, (recognising the diversification of types
of product in this field, by including it as a representative of
Newscorp, now a major participant).
The inquiry works through the principle of comparison. It is an exercise
in qualitative, empirical research that establishes a comparison
between the situation in 2000 as described in the earlier work, and the
situation in 2014, after a decade of intense development in digital
technology affecting the media industries. It is in that sense a
follow-up study on the earlier work, although this time giving emphasis
to content and style of the actual products as experienced by their
users. It compares the online and print editions of each of these three
newspapers; then the three mastheads as print and online entities, among
themselves; and finally it compares one against the other two, as
representing a South-east Asian model and Australian models. This
exercise is accompanied by a review of literature on the developments in
ICT affecting media production and media organisations, to establish
the changed context.
The new study of the online editions is conducted as a systematic
appraisal of the first level, or principal screens, of the three
publications, over the course of six days (10-15.2.14 inclusive). For
this, categories for analysis were made, through conducting a
preliminary examination of the products over three days in the week
before. That process identified significant elements of media
production, such as: variegated sourcing of materials; randomness in the
presentation of items; differential production values among media
platforms considered, whether text, video or stills images; the
occasional repurposing and repackaging of top news stories of the day
and the presence of standard news values – once again drawn out of the
trial ‘bundle’ of journalistic items.
Reduced in this way the online artefacts become comparable with the
companion print editions from the same days. The categories devised and
then used in the appraisal of the online products have been adapted to
print, to give the closest match of sets of variables. This device, to
study the two sets of publications on like standards -- essentially
production values and news values—has enabled the comparisons to be
made. This comparing of the online and print editions of each of the
three publications was set up as up the first step in the investigation.
In recognition of the nature of the artefacts, as ones that carry very
diverse information by subject and level of depth, and involve heavy
creative investment in the formulation and presentation of the
information; the assessment also includes an open section for
interpreting and commenting on main points of comparison. This takes the
form of a field for text, for the insertion of notes, in the table
employed for summarising the features of each product, for each day.
When the sets of comparisons as outlined above are noted, the process
then becomes interpretative, guided by the notion of change. In the
context of changing media technology and publication processes, what
substantive alterations have taken place, in the overall effort of news
organisations in the print and online fields since 2001; and in their
print and online products separately? Have they diverged or continued
along similar lines?
The remaining task is to begin to make inferences from that. Will the
examination of findings enforce the proposition that a review of the
earlier study, and a forensic review of new models, does provide
evidence of the character and content of change --especially change in
journalistic products and practice? Will it permit an authoritative
description on of the essentials of such change in products and
practice? Will it permit generalisation, and provide a reliable base for
discussion of the implications of change, and future prospects?
Preliminary observations suggest a more dynamic and diversified product
has been developed in Singapore, well themed, obviously sustained by
public commitment and habituation to diversified online and mobile media
services. The Australian products suggest a concentrated corporate and
journalistic effort and deployment of resources, with a strong market
focus, but less settled and ordered, and showing signs of limitations
imposed by the delay in establishing a uniform, large broadband network.
The scope of the study is limited. It is intended to test, and take
advantage of the original study as evidentiary material from the early
days of newspaper companies’ experimentation with online formats. Both
are small studies. The key opportunity for discovery lies in the ‘time
capsule’ factor; the availability of well-gathered and processed
information on major newspaper company production, at the threshold of a
transformational decade of change in their industry. The comparison
stands to identify key changes. It should also be useful as a reference
for further inquiries of the same kind that might be made, and for
monitoring of the situation in regard to newspaper portals on line, into
the future.
The subtle line between evaluation and emotion: broadsheet vs. tabloid headline discourse
In
this presentation I will first discuss the findings of a previous
comparative study on the variables of the evaluative functional
relationship (Alba-Juez, forthcoming) as manifested in the headlines of
on-line British broadsheets and tabloids, in which only a few
significant differences were found in the expression of evaluation.
These results triggered a further research question which was the point
of departure of the present study and which will thus guide its
development: Could it be that the main difference between the evaluative
discourse of broadsheets and tabloids lay in the expression of the
emotion attached to (but not so easily distinguished from) the
evaluation? In order to answer this question, and taking into account
that one characteristic usually attributed to tabloids in contrast with
broadsheets is that they focus more on the emotional side of stories
(e.g. Fowler 1991), I will take a theoretical standpoint to try to draw
the delicate line between the phenomena of evaluation and emotion, and I
will do so by presenting part of the work emanating from the
EMO-FunDETT research project (FFI2013-47792-C2-1-P -
http://www.uned.es/proyectofundett/ ). Based on Alba-Juez &
Thompson’s (2014) definition of evaluation, I will discuss Thompson’s
(2015) proposal regarding the common ground shared by the three main
subsystems of Appraisal (Martin & White 2005) and both emotion talk
and emotional talk (Bednarek 2008), trying to distinguish between those
cases in which the emotion is enacted and those in which it is
expressed, or, in Foolen’s (2012) terms, between the conceptualization
and the expression of emotion. The corpus used consists of 200 articles
taken from four different on-line British newspapers: two broadsheets,
BBC Online and The Guardian , and two tabloids, The Mirror and The Daily
Mail . The analysis will be multimodal, and will thus focus on the
comparison of the evaluation/emotion found not only in the text of the
headlines, but also in the images that accompany them in these two types
of on-line press. The discussion will mainly be based on the
observation that all newspaper articles (whether in tabloids or
broadsheets) seem to contain a given evaluation and/or emotive tone that
is generally condensed or made relevant in the headline space, where
the main stance of the article is reflected, a stance that will most
likely influence the reader’s decision to make the effort of reading the
whole article, or on the contrary, to reject it in the first place. In
conclusion, the research presented in this paper has both an empirical
and a theoretical nature, for it will not only show the results of the
analysis made regarding the evaluative/emotive differences between the
headlines of tabloids and broadsheets, but will also elucidate how the
system of emotion interacts or intertwines with that of evaluation,
going on to define the former as distinct from the latter, even though
the boundaries between one and the other are commonly known to be fuzzy,
and have consequently been very difficult to establish by researchers
on the topic to date. References: Alba-Juez, L. (forthcoming).
Evaluation in the headlines of tabloids and broadsheets: A comparative
study. In R. Breeze (ed.) Evaluation in media discourse: European
perspectives. Berlin: Peter Lang. Alba-Juez, L. & Thompson, G.
(2014). Chapter 1: The many faces and phases of evaluation. In Thompson,
Geoff & Alba-Juez, Laura (eds), Evaluation in Context. Amsterdam:
John Benjamins. 3-23. Bednarek, M. (2008). Emotion Talk across Corpora.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Foolen, A. (2012). The relevance of
emotion for language and linguistics. En Foolen, Ad, Ludtke, U. M.,
Racine, T. P. & J. Zlatev (eds.) (2012). Moving Ourselves, Moving
Others. Motion and Emotion in Intersubjectivity, Consciousness and
Language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the
News. London: Routledge. Martin, J.R. & White, P.R.R. (2005). The
language of Evaluation. Appraisal in English. Hampshire and New York:
Palgrave Macmillan. Thompson, G. (2015). Emotional Talk, Emotion Talk,
and Evaluation. Presentation given at the Jornada de Investigacion
Emo-Fundett. Madrid, February 4th 2015. UNED.
The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior
As
the nature of the Internet rapidly changes to involve more user-to-user
interaction, it becomes necessary to investigate the emotional and
behavioral effects of interpersonal online communications. This study
uses the theory of affective intelligence (Marcus, Neuman, &
MacKuen, 2000), a model connecting levels of enthusiasm and anxiety with
behavioral and information-seeking outcomes, as well as cognitive
appraisal theory to insert emotion into a model of interactive media
effects. The study posits that emotion is the link between the
interactive experience and political behavior. An experimental
methodology, using a system of automated responses to participants’
input in synchronous and asynchronous interactive settings, allows for
the analysis of emotional and behavioral effects in a controlled
environment. Hypotheses were proposed as to the general effects of
interactive experiences, their emotional impact, and users’ consequent
behavioral inclinations. Results indicate that the nature of the online
interactive experience plays an important role in determining emotional
reactions, which were found to translate into intended political
participation. As one of the first studies to examine the emotional
effects of interactive user-to-user technologies, this study merges
insights from emotion and computer-mediated communication research to
pose new directions for further research on the topic. The Effects of
User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 5
Tables and Figures Table 1. Factor Analysis of Emotion Items 32 Table 2.
Summary of ANOVA: Online participation index 40 Table 3. Summary of
ANOVA: General participation average 41 Table 4. Summary of ANOVA: Score
on enthusiasm scale 43 Table 5. Summary of ANOVA: Score on anxiety
scale 44 Table 6. Summary of ANOVA: Score on anger scale 45 Table 7.
Online and General Participation Regression. 46 Table 8.
Information-Seeking Regression. 47 Table 9. Itemized Online and Offline
Participation Regression. 49 Figure 1. Interaction Effect Between
Condition and Response on Internal Efficacy 39 Average. Figure 2.
Interaction Effect Between Condition and Response on Average Score on 41
Participation Index. The Effects of User-to-User Online Interactivity
on Political Emotion and Behavior 6 As citizens move online in their
search for information, desire to interact with others, and day-to-day
routine, it becomes increasingly important to study the effects of such
web-mediated interactions. Recent political campaigns have demonstrated
an influx in new media campaign technologies. Innovative techniques
include the use of social networking sites for group formation, the
delivering of campaign news via text message, and new uses of websites
for allowing a new dimension of political interaction and participation.
The process of user-to-user online interactivity is particularly
intriguing, for it allows for feedback from other users in what might be
conceptualized as an online political space. While an emerging body of
work deals with the characteristics and possible effects of web-based
interactivity, several gaps remain in existing research. Most studies
tend to focus on content, or user-to-system, interactivity, setting
aside the social phenomenon of interpersonal, or user-to-user,
interactivity. In addition, research on interpersonal interactivity
tends to center around describing trends in message content, with only
limited research detailing the effects of such interaction on the
individual. As users interact with other, relatively anonymous users
within an online forum, the reinforcing or challenging tone of comments
encountered may have a direct impact on emotions and subsequent
political behavior. While some research has focused on the nature of
political deliberation within such interactive groups (Price, Nir, &
Cappella, 2006; Price & Cappella, 2002), the possible emotional
impact of such online deliberation on the individual user has not been
addressed. This study seeks to investigate the emotional effects of
participation in a userto-user political online forum, specifically
focusing on the impact of the synchronicity of interaction and the tone
of interactive discourse. Theoretical grounding in computer-mediated
communication as well as in models of political emotion allows for the
evaluation of general effects of online interpersonal interactivity in
both synchronous and asynchronous conditions, as The Effects of
User-to-User Online Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 7
well as effects of reinforcing and challenging feedback from other users
on emotions and consequent behavior. Such research is crucial to an
understanding of the emotional processes underlying online political
deliberation, and proves useful for an analysis of what is increasingly a
technology-based culture of political communication. Prior Research on
Interactivity and Online Political Discussion The Internet as Political
Space Barber, Mattson, and Peterson (1997) define seven integral
characteristics of the Internet, in that it offers “inherent
interactivity, potential for lateral and horizontal communication,
pointto-point and non-hierarchical modes of communication, low costs to
users (once a user is set up), rapidity... lack of national or other
boundaries, and freedom from the intrusion and monitoring of government”
(p. 8). An understanding of how the Internet has transformed
communication processes is merely the first step in analyzing the
effects of online political interaction; this new medium can be
considered to have broader political significance. The existence of
political spaces on the Internet has been the subject of much debate.
The question of whether the impact of mediated political participation
is localized to the online world or has the ability to translate into
broader participation such as voting or involvement in a campaign is a
crucial question to the analysis of this evolving form of participation.
The nature of online political deliberation has been studied in several
respects by Price and colleagues (Price & Cappella, 2006; Price,
Nir, & Cappella, 2002). In their study of the Electronic Dialogue
Project, Price & Cappella (2006) connect Putnam’s (2000) concept of
social capital and civic engagement with online political deliberation.
The Electronic Dialogue Project The Effects of User-to-User Online
Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 8 was initiated during
the 2000 presidential campaign, with samples of the population taking
part in web-mediated political discussions each month. It was one of the
first projects to analyze the role of synchronous (real-time)
interactivity. Those who took part in these group discussions
demonstrated learning effects, as the interaction heightened social
trust and political and community participation. In addition,
participating in the groups allowed users to draw on an increased
repertoire of arguments when discussing issues. Further research by
Price, Nir, & Cappella (2006) details the effects of argumentative
climate on opinion and behavior, positing that the climate and content
of the discussion affect individuals’ contributions to the group and
documenting several group dynamics that are apparent. Such research
provides a starting point for the study of what is often called
“electronic democracy.” It is necessary to understand the processes
underlying and effects resulting from online political deliberation, for
interactive online use is changing the way many citizens participate in
politics. Conceptualizing interactivity In an investigation of what he
terms the “interactivity paradox,” Bucy (2004) reviews two prominent
conceptualizations of interactivity; his terminology forms the basis for
this study. User-to-system interactivity allows the user to interact
with the medium itself through such features as hyperlinks, polls,
streaming media, and searches. This type of communication occurs without
contact with any other user (Stromer-Galley, 2000, p. 118), but
concerns the ability of participants in a forum to modify content of the
interactive medium (Steur, 1995). By contrast, user-to-user
interactivity allows for people to interact via electronic media,
“whether in the form of e-mail (and its various permutations such as
Instant Messenger), chat room discussions, message boards, user forums,
[or] internet telephony and videoconferencing” (Bucy, 2004, p. 56).
These two types of interactivity may be combined by any given
information source or site The Effects of User-to-User Online
Interactivity on Political Emotion and Behavior 9 (Bucy, 2004), though
it is crucial to examine the differential effects of each. To date, much
research has focused on user-to-system interactivity. Stromer-Galley
(2000) additionally draws on previous research to put forth a similarly
conceived dichotomy of media (user-to-system) interaction versus human
(user-to-user) interaction. Her distinction between the two modes of
interaction lies in the source of feedback within the interaction. The
analysis contrasts a medium-user interaction with Rafaeli’s (1988) model
of human interaction, in which feedback comes from other users as
technology mediates the interpersonal exchange. Through content
analysis, Stromer-Galley provides evidence for the prominence of
user-to-system interaction and the lack of user-to-user interaction
within candidates’ 1996 and 1998 campaign websites. Hyperlinks, audio
and video streaming, information downloads, and other media-interactive
features were prominent on the websites, while very few candidate
websites employed any type of human interaction such as discussion
boards or chat rooms. Stromer-Galley posits that this lack of human
interaction of candidate websites is due to such technologies being
burdensome to implement, difficult to control, and involving a necessary
loss of ambiguity. The focus on the effects of user-to-system
interactivity in contemporary scholarly literature (e.
Moving at the Speed of Sound: Scientific Innovation in Auditory Research
Trends in Amplification
147
individuals as we are to have valid medical opinions publicly shot down
by frustrated patients on an online forum. It seems in this age that
anybody with a computer is now entitled to provide their opinion of
material that they are not necessarily qualified to judge and that,
indeed, an entity such as the Internet is not subject to peer review or
editorial correction. Yet despite my uneasiness, I cannot help but
realize that there is no turning back. The world is smaller today than
it was yesterday, and this trend will unrelentingly continue. With these
thoughts in mind, I question the ways in which scientific material is
distributed today. In an era in which information evolves daily and
travels instantaneously, why do we continue to invite authors to
contribute to a textbook that is published months to years after the
contributions are prepared? How can we improve the process by which
scientific data collected are distributed publicly? Why perpetuate a
system of scientific funding that encourages already having completed
the experiments proposed in the grant application, thereby prolonging
the period between data analysis and distribution? Clearly we need to
reevaluate our methods of scientific communication in the digital age in
which information can be distributed in seconds, rather than months.
Yet we would be foolish to dispense entirely with the deliberate,
methodical ways in which we have acquired and shared information for
years. It seems that we are at a crossroad. Although the Internet may
never be subject to the guidance of an editor-in-chief, I suspect that
the cream will continue to rise to the top in this age of information
overload. Now that we can routinely perform Einstein-like time
compression to accomplish in seconds what used to take weeks, it may be
more important than ever that we apply filters based on objective data,
rational evaluation of the facts, and conservative appraisal of the
potential impact of a I recently evaluated a young woman as a candidate
for possible cochlear implantation. Later that week, I read a detailed
account of her appointment with me on her online blog. Several days
later, I ran into another patient of mine, an 11-year-old girl with
bilateral cochlear implants, while shopping for groceries. Her parents
told me that they posted videos of her activation appointments for
anyone to view online on YouTube. Through Twitter, individuals worldwide
describe new events, breakthrough discoveries, and medical outcomes in
short real-time bursts of text—tweets, that is—at such a fast rate that
regular news agencies now report on tweets that are coming in. I have
had several patients and students correspond with me through Facebook,
and many patients that I encounter seem to have completed recent
graduate studies on auditory neuroscience at Google University. All of
this digital activity, in which I gladly participate, makes me uneasy if
I stop to think about it. The direct accessibility of information; the
immediate, unfiltered publication of medical and scientific viewpoints;
and the willing distribution of this information by consumers worldwide
have huge ramifications for how we conduct scientific research and
deliver patient care. We are as likely today to see questionable
scientific claims made by unqualified Trends in Amplification Volume 13
Number 3 September 2009 147-148 © 2009 The Author(s)
10.1177/1084713809348498 http://tia.sagepub.com
Multimodal construction of ‘rule of law’ in Chinese anti-corruption public service advertisements: a social semiotic approach
International Journal of Speech Language and The Law
China
has embarked upon a long-term endeavor to build a system of rule of law
in the country. Under this legal reform, concrete initiatives have been
unveiled, among which cultivating a belief of rule of law in the minds
of both officials and citizens has been a vital issue. Since the digital
era makes cyber space a major domain for publicity, online resources
are exploited to promote the legal ideology of rule of law. Various
forms of publicity such as cartoons, animations, micro-films and
advertisements issued on websites and social media are recruited to meet
this end, among which Anti-corruption Public Service Advertisements
(APSAs) have become a conversational tool used by governments and
anti-corruption institutions. In the present study, APSAs are in the
form of video which lasts one to two minutes. Each video relates a story
concerning corruption or a series of events regarding corruption and
thus appeals for actions in accordance with incorruption. The characters
involved in the story vary from animated figures to real actors. With
public education as its purpose, APSA is sponsored by the governments.
The present research seeks to investigate the process of how the legal
ideology of rule of law is represented and transmitted in APSAs through
language and other meaning-making systems using a social semiotic
approach (Halliday, 1978). To accomplish the research objective, an
analytical framework was constructed to describe, analyze and explain
the multimodal construction of rule of law, on the basis of systemic
functional multimodal discourse analysis (SF-MDA) (O’Halloran, 2008). In
the framework we have constructed, the ideology of rule of law is
considered as the system of coding orientations that shapes the form of
discourse at all levels. Therefore, genre analysis (Martin & Rose,
2008) on the context level, and multimodal interpersonal analysis
(Painter, Martin & Unsworth, 2013), particularly multimodal
appraisal analysis (Economou, 2009; Unsworth, 2015) on the semantic
level have been conducted.
Methodologically, a qualitative analysis is adopted. The data used in
the present research are APSAs issued on the official website of Central
Commission for Discipline Inspection of Chinese Communist Party, local
Prosecutors offices, and the National Public Legal Education Office
because they effectively transmit the value of rule of law and are
aesthetically pleasing in terms of composition. 50 of them were chosen
from the year 2012 to 2017.
In the present study, legal ideology is conceived as part of the
cultural system (Merry, 1985), which shapes social members’
understanding of the interaction between the legal system and social
practice (Ji, 2015). A country under rule of law requires good laws and
good governance. Moreover, the ideology of rule of law emphasizes not
only the establishment of a sound legal system but also the supremacy
and independence of the law (Zheng, 1999). In APSA, the ideology of rule
of law is embodied in the construal of stories and the evaluation
toward events concerning (in)corruption.
Data analysis shows that as a goal-oriented, staged social process, APSA
achieves its goal of promoting rule of law through three stages: Record
of Event, Evaluation, and Generalization, each of which achieves a
minor goal. The producer first depicts an event, or a series of
activities related to (in)corruption, then evaluates the event, the
behavior of the participants, the concepts clarified in the text, and
finally generalizes the evaluation to the viewers with the expectation
of changing their attitude and behaviors. The stage of evaluation
distinguishes three basic sub-genres of APSAs: anecdote, exemplum and
observation. Anecdote represents corruption as a family issue which
tends to share the emotional reaction of the corrupt officials and their
family members triggered by the consequences of corruption. Exemplum
depicts corruption as a legal issue, which involves corrupt officials
and their behavior judged by interpretations of regulations and laws.
Different from anecdote and exemplum, observation focuses on the
activities and notions concerning incorruptibility, and shares with the
viewer mainly the positive appreciation towards incorruption and the
anticorruption campaign.
Data analysis also reveals that the attitudinal meanings of affect,
judgement and appreciation integrate with one another to construe an
axiology of anti-corruption discourse regarding the notion of rule of
law. The judgement of illegality and judicial verdict on corruption
manifest the fundamental principles of the ‘generality’ and ‘supremacy’
of law. The negative affect, particularly the one triggered by impending
consequences of corruption, such as fear sensed by the corrupt
officials, displays the predictability and inescapability of sanctions.
Positive appreciations targeting the virtue of incorruptibility provide a
moral basis for rule of law. Consequently, the multimodal text advances
a consistent negative evaluation of corruption. The present study
further probes the way in which the attitudinal meaning is realized
through multiple visual semiotic systems. It is found that symbolic
visual elements, emblems and facial expression are utilized to inscribe
the evaluative meaning of judgement and affect, whereas visual metaphor
implicitly provokes judgement and appreciation. Besides, attitudinal
associations are likely to be flagged through cultural connotation.
It is found that APSAs adopt the visual systems of graduation,
engagement and focalization to negotiate stance and establish an
alignment with the viewers. Graduation is utilized to reinforce the
negative affect and judgement toward corruption, and thus encourages an
empathic viewing. As far as engagement is concerned, the monogloss is
employed in the stage of Generalization, in which anti-corruption is
uttered as an indisputable fact. Heterogloss incorporates external
voices into the text to establish a contractive dialogic backdrop in
compressing the dialogic space of corruption in the text. In addition,
external voices are delicately deployed into the text to facilitate the
viewers to accept the text-consistent attitude in an unconscious manner.
Focalization is adopted at the key moment of the narration, to invite
the viewers into the narrating world and share the character’s
experience and emotion, the function of which is to lead the viewers to
identify with the focalized character, and finally agree with the genre
consistent stance.
The findings lead to the conclusion that in Chinese Anti-corruption
public service advertisements, the legal ideology of rule of law is
realized through visual semiotic expressed attitudinal meanings towards
events, behaviors and the concepts related to (in)corruption, which are
distributed into the stages of varied sub-genres and modulated via
discursive strategies such as engagement in light of viewer alignment.
The major contribution of this research lies in addressing the issue of
promoting the legal ideology of rule of law using the social semiotic
approach. The theoretical contribution is the proposed analytical
framework which considers register as the analytical unit for genre, and
genre as the minimum analytical unit for culture. Furthermore, the
system of focalization is incorporated into the investigation of
author/viewer alignment. It is also hoped that this research may shed
light on the production of multimodal anti-corruption as well as public
legal education discourse, and thus contribute to the promotion of rule
of law in the country.
References
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Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Language as Social Semiotics: The Social
Interpretation of Language and Meaning. London: Edward Arnold.
Ji, W. 2015. On legal ideology. Social Sciences in China 11: 128-145.
Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2008). Genre Relations: Mapping Culture.
London: Equinox.
Merry, S. (1985). Concepts of law and justice among working-class
Americans: Ideology as culture. Legal Studies Forum, 9(1), 59-70.
O’Halloran, K. L. (2008). Systemic functional-multimodal discourse
analysis (SF-MDA): construing idational meaning using language and
visual imagery. Visual Communication, 7(4), 443-475.
Painter, C., Martin, J. R., & Unsworth, L. (2013). Reading visual
narratives: Image analysis in children’s picture books. London: Equinox
Publishing Ltd.
Unsworth, L. (2015). Persuasive narratives: evaluative images in picture
books and animated movies. Visual Communication, 14(1), 73-96.
Zheng, Y. (1999). From rule by law to rule of law? A realistic view of
China’s legal development. China Perspectives, 25, 31-43.
Apraisal Sikap dalam Teks Berita Surat Kabar Nasional
Penelitian
ini meneliti sikap teks berita surat kabar nasional dengan menerapkan
teori sistemik Linguistik Fungsional. Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa
tujuan: (1) untuk mengambarkan pola sikap pada teks berita dari koran
harian Media Indonesia, koran Republika, koran Harian Kompas, dan (2)
untuk menjelaskan mengapa sikap pola seperti itu dalam teks berita koran
harian Media Indonesia, koran harian Republika, koran harian Kompas.
Metode penelitian digunakan dalam metode kualitatif dengan jenis
analisis isi. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seratus lima berita dalam
surat kabar nasional dengan topik sebagai berikut, yaitu bencana,
ekonomi, korupsi, kejahatan dan politik. Data dianalisis dengan
menggunakan perangkat lunak program konkordansi atau Simple Concordance
Program (SCP). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa (1) pola sikap
apraisal di koran harian Media Indonesia dan koran harian Republika,
Apresiasi^afek^penilaian, dan koran harian Kompas, afek^Apresiasi^
penilaian. Kecenderungan penggunaan pola sikap leksis negatif
menunjukkan penulis koran berita nasional, dan (2) pola kecenderungan
sikap terjadi karena penulis sering menggunakan fungsi bahasa untuk
memengaruhi orang lain dengan memberikan penilaian langsung terhadap
suatu hal dan penulis berita koran nasional memiliki kecenderungan
menceritakan peristiwa sensitif atau masalah yang menimbulkan
keprihatinan terhadap peristiwa-peristiwa yang terjadi di masyarakat.
This research investigates Attitude of newspaper text of news in
national by applying Systemic Functional Linguistics Theory. This
research has several objectives: (1) to describe in the pattern of
Attitude in newspaper text of news in Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper,
Republika Daily Newspaper, and Kompas Daily Newspaper, and (2) to
describe why Attitude the pattern like that in text of news Media
Indonesia Daily Newspaper, Republika Daily Newspaper, and Kompas Daily
Newspaper. The method of the research used in this qualitative method
with type of content analysis. The samples of the research were one
hundred and five newspaper news in national with the following topics,
disaster, economics, corruption, crime and politics. The data were
analyzed by using soft program of Simple Concordance Program (SCP). The
result of the research showed that (1) the pattern attitude appraisal in
Media Indonesia Daily Newspaper and Republika Daily Newspaper is same,
that Appreciation^ Affect^Judgement, and Kompas Daily Newspaper,
Affect^Appreciation^Judgement. The inclination of the use of negative
lexis attitude pattern showed the newspaper news writers in National,
and (2) the inclination pattern of attitude occurred because the writers
use the function of language to influence others by providing a direct
assessment of a thing and newspaper news writers in national have an
inclination of telling the sensitive events or the problem which create
apprehensive to the event occurring in society.
Academic Tribes: Reflections on Teaching Large Classes.
All
tribes have customs. Central to such customs are stories handed down by
oral tradition among the clansmen. Centuries later, those stories
continue to hold powerful and persuasive meanings among all members of
the tribe, often assuming mythical proportions. To challenge the story
is to undermine tribal custom, offend the tribe. To celebrate the story
is to secure one's initiation into the tribe. This paper addresses that
tribal group located in South African universities and whose identity is
defined by the act of teaching and complaining about large classes with
a minimum of resources. At conferences, seminars, planning committee
meetings, senate chambers, cocktails, parties, the same story is "handed
down" with striking consistency: "I teach a class of 250 students. I
have no teaching assistant. I am forced to lecture in order to cover
(sic) the content. I cannot explore ideas or provide individual
attention. I have no choice but to set multiple choice questions; essays
would take forever to mark. I spend all my time marking. There is no
time for research. " These are myths. Not in the sense that they are
false, but that they assume a "taken-for-grantedness" which in time
blinds the tribe to the search for alternatives within existing
institutional contexts. In this spirit of searching for alternatives, I
will present a reflective essay on teaching a large class of
undergraduate students at the University of DurbanWestville. The class
consists of 280 students in the fourth year of university training for
the teaching profession. The class comprises two groups of students:
those in the fourth year of an education degree (BPaed) and those in the
diploma year (HEd) following a first degree in the social (BA. BComm
etc) or natural sciences (e.g. BSc). The course introduces students to
principles, practices and policies associated with Language and Learning
in the Classroom (LLC). The reflective essay combines data from
multiple sources which both inform the case and validate any single
source of information. The data combines personal observations,
self-administered questionnaires completed by all students as part of
the course evaluation, focus group interviews with 8-10 students in five
different teaching disciplines (e.g. science students), and written
transcripts of student work. I now draw attention to five innovative
elements of the LLC curriculum. First, the LLC curriculum is a response
to widely-observed limitations of the undergraduate degree in South
African universities (Jansen 1995b) That is, the existing curriculum is
heavily theoretical in orientation, teaching is bent on coverage of
essential disciplinary content, and assessment is based on one-off final
examinations in the form of paper-and-pencil tests. Students leave such
courses having covered large amounts of content in a discipline which
they "swot-up" for a high-stakes examination. Second, the LLC curriculum
begins with the identification of a limited number of core competencies
as the focus of teaching, learning and assessment in the course. The
competencies are made explicit at the beginning of the course and
throughout the year as what the students should focus on. The "content"
is brought in on a need-to-know basis i.e., primarily in the interest of
giving access to the competency and not as having value in and of
itself. I will refer to such content as "contingent content". The core
competencies are at once simple and profound, and they include the
following: writing, reading, critical thinking, evaluating,
communicating, analysing, comparing, and others. The focus on
competencies comports well with policy proposals in the national
qualifications framework and with the university's re-orientation
towards modularisation of the curriculum. Third, the choice of
"contingent content" is not trivial. The content is carefully selected
against a competency in order to satisfy four conditions: (a) the
content must speak to the diversity of student backgrounds, culture and
orientations present within the classroom; in this class, diversity
means Muslim, Hindu, Christian and atheist; Indian, African, Coloured
and White; South African and international; men and women; handicapped
and gay; and other manifestations of difference; (b) the content must be
directed towards a current, topical issue concerned with language and
learning in the classroom; (c) the content must be provocative,
controversial, contested; that is, the selected content should heighten
the standards of engagement in the university classroom; and (d) the
content should give optimal expression to the relevant competency.
Consider the following samples of units taught within the LLC course: •
Story from Time Magazine about Joe Baseball, new principal of a black
school with a terrible reputation for violence, crime and high drop-out
statistics. With a baseball bat and loud hailer, the principal cleans
out the school and academic performance skyrockets. Students write an
essay in which they assess Joe Baseball's strategy and make a reasoned
argument reflecting a personal position as a teacher; the pros and cons
of Baseball's strategy must be outlined. The competencies in focus are
evaluation, critical thinking, expository writing. The form of
assessment is an evaluative essay. The context is the familiar
KwaZulu-Natal township classroom, where such schools exists in numbers.
The provocative and topical issue is the banning of corporal punishment
in SA schools. • Biographical Outline of The Ntombi who is an Nkosi in
the Mark Gevisser Profile in the Weekly Mail & Guardian. (A
remarkable medical doctor who is also a traditional leader in Northern
Natal.) Gevisser explores the tensions, well-articulated by Dr. Zungu,
between tradition and modernity, Zulu identity and politics Students
write a concept test in which their understanding of the issues raised
in the article is tested. Students take home and read the article with a
simple instruction: make sure you understand what you read; then the
test. The competency in focus is reading for understanding. The form of
assessment is a short test of critical concepts. The context is the
political debates in Kwa-Zulu Natal about Zulu identity, tradition and
politics. The provocative issue is Zulu nationalism. The content draws
on issues which have meaning for most of the students e.g., Nkosi
traditions. • Conduct of research in the classroom where students would
be doing their teaching practice. The students collect data on the
frequency, quality, origins and treatment of questions in the classroom.
Data is collected from the same class, teacher and subject over five
successive periods. Students prepare a research report complete with
recorded data, data analyses and research findings. The competency in
focus is doing basic research. The form of assessment is the scoring of a
research report. The current and topical issue is questioning in the
classroom, a policy directive in the White Paper on Education and
Training which calls for critical thinking, questioning, inquiry,
investigation and open-endedness in classrooms. The provocative issue is
students' own tendencies to create teacher-centred classrooms as
beginning teachers. • Reading of the colourful weather chart in the
Daily News. Students are to read the basic weather details including dam
levels, radio-broadcasting times (e.g., of surfing conditions); and the
weather-related symbols represented (e.g., symbol for fire hazards).
Students complete a weather chart. The competency in focus is reading
and understanding symbolic language. The form of assessment is a
numeracy test. The relevant issue is common-sense knowledge of a section
of a newspaper report which affects all our lives. The provocative
issue is the discovery that students have difficulty reading another
language even when the basics are in question e.g., interpreting
pictures and graphs. Fourth, the form of student appraisal reflects the
emergence of what has been called authentic or performance assessment
(Resnick & Resnick 1994; Baker 1995; Jansen 1995a). Students in the
LLC course are assessed in multiple contexts: a written essay, a
research study, a weather-based mathematics test, dramatic performances,
a critical analysis and oral presentations in the classroom. Since we
know from experience and research that not all students perform equally
in the same assessment context, this diversification of contexts is more
equitable especially in diverse classrooms (Rothman 1994; Baker &
O'Neil 1994). But the focus on demonstrating a competency as opposed to
reciting or memorising a text for a high stakes examination is also a
more authentic representation of what students know (Linn, Baker &
Dunbar 1991). But the most controversial aspect of the assessment
strategy is that students are allowed to repeat a particular assessment
task as often as they wish and until such time that both the lecturer
and the student agree in conference that (a) achievement on the task
demonstrates satisfactory performance and that (b) learning has actually
taken place. Each time the student repeats an assessment task, the
nature of the task is altered slightly to limit potential for the
routinisation of the task or the memorisation of performance. It was not
uncommon in the LLC course for students to re-do an assessment task 3-5
times; the standards were tough and uncompromising, even though
"opportunity-to-Iearn" was maximised. Fifth, the course relies
principally on student communication in the classroom. A typical 40
minute lecture begins with the introduction of a controversial issue
e.g., Should schools in the new South Africa teach homosexuality as an
alternative life-style? Make a curriculum argument, not simply a moral
one Students volunteer or are selected to state a position on the
question in front of the entire classroom. Students are challenged as
they present. Emotional outbursts are challenged and channelled into
coherent arguments;
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