THE USE OF METAPHOR IN BARACK OBAMA’S INAUGURATION SPEECH

Abstract
This study is aimed to elaborate the uniqueness of Barack Obama’s inaugural speech when he has been sworn in as the 44th US president at 20 January 2009. This research is a (qualitative) bibliographical study. The object of the study is the use of metaphor in Barrack Obama’s speech. There are 23 sentences chosen to represent all the metaphorical sentences of Obama’s speech being the object of the study. Having analyzed the data by the perspective of George Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor, the researcher can draw a conclusion that Obama has effectively and creatively used metaphorical expressions in convincing his people about his future plans. His remarkable speech discussing how to solve the great scale of the economic mess that now confronts the US and the common feeling of the loss of national self-confidence.
Keywords: Metaphor, Source Domain, Target Domain, and inauguration speech.

I. INTRODUCTION
One of interesting problems in language study is the use of metaphor in all walks of life. One of its mysteries is the public confusion in encountering metaphorical expression that says something that is different to what it really means. Hawkes says “Language which doesn’t mean what it says” (1980:1). This fact creates the impression that the user of metaphor looks like a liar or deceiver. When Juliet said to Romeo “The lights that shines from your eyes” she did not mean to say that from Romeo’s eyeballs radiating or shining on the chamber they stayed. When a poet says,” A poem is a bird”, he did not mean to state that the poem can flap its wings and tail. Those two instances is only part of many examples that creates the impression of metaphor as the expression full of “absurdity” and ‘falsity” (Max Black in Ortony, 1993:21).
One of the interesting studies of metaphor is the use of metaphor in political discourses. The outstanding feature of metaphor in this case lies on it uniqueness and specification that very different to other genre of writing like business, literary of arts, science and technology. Such uniqueness refers to the poetic function of literary wok to convey message or ideas to its readers (Culler, 1975:55). Culler says, “By showing what properties of language were being exploited in particular texts and how they were extended or organized” (1975:55).
Politics is a struggle for power in order to put certain political, economic and social ideas into practice. In this process, language plays a crucial role, for every political action is prepared, accompanied, influenced and played by language. This paper analyzes the discourse of political speech, namely the inaugural address of President Barack Obama. He had given the enormous domestic and global significance of the inauguration speech in times of international economic turmoil. To define what had been analyzed in this research, it had been formulated the problem of this paper: What’s the uniqueness of metaphor in Obama’s inauguration speech?
II. BASIC THEORIES AND ANALYSIS
The basic theory of this paper covers three aspects as follows: (1) The definition of metaphor (2) George Lakoff’ and Mark Johnson’s conceptual metaphor (3) The Biography of Obama. Those three aspects have a close relation to the topic discussed in this paper.

A. What is Metaphor?
In literary use, a metaphor (from the Greek: metapherin rhetorical trope) is defined as an indirect comparison between two or more seemingly unrelated subjects that typically uses "is a" to join the first subjects for example: " Man is a wolf ". This is an elliptical form compared to Simile sentence Man is like a wolf. A metaphor is commonly confused with a simile, which compares two subjects using "like" or "as". An example of a simile: "He was as sly as a fox." In the simplest case, a metaphor takes the form: "The first subject is a second subject." Edi Subroto (1986:45) said that a metaphorical expression can be categorized as metaphor if it can give a new enjoyment in reading language expression, kicking out monotony and enliven inanimate object, and actualizing something that which actually crippled or paralyzed.
In the development of theories of metaphor there are several domestic and foreign linguists who had tried to describe their complex conception about metaphor. They are: Rachmad Djoko Pradopo(1987), Edi Subroto(1991), Herman Waluyo(1991), Aminuddin(1995), Stephen Ullmann (1972), Andrew Orthony(1993),and Wellek (1993). These conceptions will be elaborated one by one:
Pradopo (1987:66) explains that categorically metaphor consists of two terms that is main term or tenor (principal term) and the second term or vehicle (secondary term). The main term or tenor told about the compared entities whereas the second term or vehicle told about the comparison or the things compared. Then it was said that metaphor sees things by the medium of other entities. This metaphor explains something with the same result which actually has different meaning.
Edi Subroto (1995:38) explains that metaphor is created particularly based on the similarity of two referents. The first referent is called tenor and the second one is called vehicle. The similarity of both referents is the basic builder of metaphor creation.
According to Edi Subroto one of important factor in the affectivity of metaphor is the distance between tenor and vehicle. If the distance of both of them is very close in their similarity level, the metaphor is less expressive, less effective. On the contrary, if the similarity level of both elements is not so real, the metaphor has expressive power. The metaphor like “black wolf” to depict “night shadow” like what has Arthur Rimbaud said in his poem is the example of effective and expressive metaphor (Edi Subroto, 1995:39).
According to Herman Waluyo (1991:84), metaphor is an insight or approach towards object through direct or indirect comparison. Aminuddin (1995:304), in his Stilistika explained that metaphor is:
One of the form of figurative language which created and re-created through comparison and the transfer of semantic features via direct or indirect comparison. The Indonesian metaphor of “Aku ini binatang jalang”( I am the untamed animal) for example, is a form of metaphor which used direct comparison but in the metaphor of “Jam mengerdip” something is compared to the blinking as indirect nature. Viewed to its function, the use of metaphor is functioned to enrich the nature of imagery description and the picturing of meaning of an elaboration.

Ullmann said that the subjects of metaphor by telling the things that we compared to. In his Semantic an Introduction to the science of meaning explained about both things by giving term of tenor and vehicle, whereas the common feature that they have has formed the ground of metaphor. This had been stated in these following sentences:
The basic structure of metaphor is very simple. There are two terms present: the thing we are talking about and that to which we are comparing it. In Richard’s terminology, the former is the tenor, the later the vehicle, whereas the feature or features they have in common from the ground of the metaphor (Ullman, 1972:213).

It means that the basic structure of metaphor is very simple. There are two things that we are talking about the things we talk and the things we compared to. The first term of Richard from the early start is tenor (direction/objectives) and the latest is vehicle. This remains us to the idiosyncrasies of daily lexicon which form the ground of metaphor.
In the view of Andrew Ortony (1993:2), in his book entitled Metaphor and Thought:
It seems preferable, however, to attempt to relate two alternative approaches to metaphor - metaphor as an essential characteristic of the creativity of language; and metaphor as deviant and parasitic upon normal usage - to a more fundamental and pervasive difference of opinion about the relationship between language and the world.

It means that, however, it is better to relate two alternatives of approach in metaphor – metaphor as the main character from language creativity; and metaphor as a deviation and parasitic from the normal language toward deep fundamental difference from the opinion of the relationship between language and the world.
Furthermore Rene Wellek (1993:235) explained that metaphor compared two world and conveying theme through one idiom to other idiom as the works of Shakespeare (raging sea, the wild storm in the meadow, the gloomy lake).
In general, it can be concluded that what had been said by the above linguistic experts had enrich our knowledge about the theories of metaphor started from the tenor and vehicle explained by I.A Richard (1936). Even though sometimes using different terminology outstanding linguists like Pradopo, Edi Subroto, Waluyo, Aminnuddin,Wellek and Ullmann had just given an emphasis to the theory of Richard whereas Andrew Ortony had added by his viewpoints which insisted on the inconsistencies between “the two terms” in metaphor called as tension.
B. CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR
It is true that all of us speak in metaphors whether we realize it or not. In Metaphors We Live By by George Lakoff, a linguist, and Mark Johnson, a philosopher, suggest that metaphors not only make our thoughts more vivid and interesting but that they actually structure our perceptions and understanding. Thinking of marriage as a “contract agreement,” for example, leads to one set of expectations, while thinking of it as ‘team play”, “a negotiated settlement,” ‘Russian roulette,” “an indissoluble merger,” or “a religious sacrament” will carry different sets of expectations. When a government thinks of its enemies as ‘turkeys” or “clowns” it does not take them as serious threats, but if they said that they are “pawns” in the hands of the communists, they will be taken seriously indeed. In Metaphors We Live By has led many readers to a new recognition of how profoundly metaphors not only shape our view of life in the present but set up the expectations that determine what life will be for us in the future (1980:13).
Metaphor is for most people a device of the poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish- a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary language. Moreover, metaphor is typically viewed as characteristic of language alone, a matter of words rather than thought or action. For this reason, most people think they can get along perfectly without metaphor. We have found, on the contrary, that metaphor is pervasive in everyday life, not just in language but in thought and action. Our ordinary conceptual system, in terms of which we both think and act, is fundamentally metaphorical in nature.
The concepts that govern our thought are not just matter of the intellect. They also govern our everyday functioning, down to the most common details. Our concepts structure what we perceive, how we get around in the world and how we relate to other people. Our conceptual system thus plays a central role in defining our everyday realities. If we are right in suggesting that our conceptual system is largely metaphorical, then the way we thinks what we experience, and what we do every day is very much a matter of metaphor.
The conceptual system used by mankind in wherever society strongly influenced our style and style of thinking and doing is metaphorical. The non-metaphorical thinking is only possible if we discuss merely physical realities. The greater the level of abstraction made by people, the greater of the metaphorical layers needed to state the result of human thinking.
Many people ignored these for several reasons. One of them is the reason that few form of metaphor is considered “dead” and has unknown origin. The other reason is that we do not know what happen on our conceptual system in our thinking. (1993:224).
The clearer depiction of the view that most of our conceptual system is metaphorical can be seen in the instances of conceptual metaphor by Lakoff and Turner (1989:3-4) that is given then name of the metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY. In this metaphor the mental domain) “Journey” as the source domain is compared to mental domain of “Life” as the target domain. The conceptual mapping between the concepts is:
LIFE IS A JOURNEY.
- The person leading a life is a traveler.
- His purposes are destinations.
- The means fro achieving purposes are routes.
- Difficulties in life are impediments to travel
- Counselors are guides.
- Progress is the distance traveled.
- Counselors are guides.
- Progress is the distance traveled
- Things you gauge your progress by are the landmarks.
- Material resources and talents are provisions.
- The conception of the metaphor LIFE IS A JOURNEY can be applied into other examples like what have been said by (in Ortony 1993:206) like the metaphor of LOVE IS A JOURNEY
- Our relationship has hit a dead-end street.
- We can’t turn back now.
- We’re at the crossroads.
- The relationship isn’t going anywhere.
- We’re spinning our wheels.
- Our relationship is off the track.
It should be understood that the above metaphorical conception is not the only form, but there are hundreds and thousands form and mental domain mapping which compared on mental domain to other mental domain like what had been elaborate by Lakoff in the metaphor of LIFE IS A JOURNEY, CHANGE IS MOTION, CAUSES ARE FORCES, SEEING IS KNOWING, THINKING AS BODY MOVEMENT, TIME PASSING IS A MOVEMENT OVER A LANDSCAPE etc.
From this, the researcher can defined that according to George Lakoff metaphor is the most important conceptual construction in the development of human thinking history. The conceptual system which used daily in each and every society will influence our ways of thinking and doing which metaphorical in nature.

C. THE BIOGRAPHY OF OBAMA
Barack Hussein Obama II (August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office, as well as the first president born in Hawaii. Obama previously served as the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 2005 until he resigned after his election to the presidency in November 2008.
Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the president of the Harvard Law Review. He was a community organizer in Chicago before earning his law degree. He worked as a civil rights attorney in Chicago and taught constitutional law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004.
Obama served three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, he ran for United States Senate in 2004. During the campaign, several events brought him to national attention, such as his victory in the March 2004 Democratic primary election for the United States Senator from Illinois as well as his prime-time televised keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004. He won election to the U.S. Senate in November 2004.
Obama began his run for the presidency in February 2007. After a close campaign in the 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries against Hillary Clinton, he won his party's nomination. In the 2008 general election, he defeated Republican nominee John McCain and was inaugurated as president on January 20, 2009. On October 9, 2009, he was awarded the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize.
III. ANALYSIS
The following paragraphs are the result of analysis toward 23 sentences which contain metaphor in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech text. These sentences had been analyzed by using George Lakoff’s theory of conceptual Metaphor. In this analysis it can be found eight most outstanding conceptual mapping of metaphor:

NO THE NAMES OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHOR
1 CHANGE ARE MOVEMENT
2 STATES ARE LOCATIONS
3 STATES IS A MOTION OVER A LANDSCAPE
4 POLITICS IS FIGHT/WAR
5 ACTIONS ARE TRANSFER
6 POLITICS IS A JOURNEY
7 MORE IS UP ; LESS IS DOWN
8 ACHIEVING A PURPOSE IS AGRICULTURE

1. CHANGE ARE MOVEMENT
In general there are two metaphorical data in Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of CHANGE ARE MOVEMENT:

(1) Forty-four Americans have now taken the presidential oath. The words have been spoken during rising tides of prosperity and the still waters of peace.

(2) The question we ask today is not whether our government is too big or too small, but whether it works - whether it helps families find jobs at a decent wage, care they can afford, a retirement that is dignified. Where the answer is yes, we intend to move forward. Where the answer is no, programs will end.
In the metaphorical expression (1) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “rising tides” and “still waters” whereas the target domain is the words “prosperity” and “peace”. As it can be seen on the phrases of “rising tides of prosperity” and “the still waters of peace” that in here, movement-either self-propelled or otherwise-can involve a change of location or stationary (e.g. shaking). If it involves a change of location, it can be associated with the words like: forward, backward, upward, or downward directions. So, the rising tide of prosperity can be constructed as the state of prosperity has become more than before, while peace has not undergone change (still). Besides, the movements here can also be specified as FLOW OF NATURAL FORCE (“the rising tides”) and SUBSTANCE (“still waters”).
In the metaphorical expression (2) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “We intend to move forward” and “programs will end” whereas the target domain is the ideas of US government plan to provide job for jobseekers and better social warranty.
In both metaphorical expression Obama wants to tell us that all presidents of America since George Washington until his period had taken the presidential oath and strived hard to develop America. All of their effort has the aim of raising economic development and prosperity. All of these can be achieved if there is a good political support from his people.

2. STATES ARE LOCATIONS
There is only one metaphorical data in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of STATES ARE LOCATIONS:
(3) That we are in the midst of crisis is now well understood. Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.
(4) Yet, every so often the oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms.

In the metaphorical expression (3) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “in the midst of” and “Our nation is at war against a far-reaching” whereas the target domain is “crisis” and “network of violence and hatred”. By saying these the metaphorical expressions gave an impression that the states of American crisis located on certain position. A position which located in the middle position; not on the edge or peripheral position. It’s what the cognitive linguists had stated as “Spatial metaphor”. Metaphorical expressions which showing a position of object in the frame of “space” or spatial one. American citizens are facing the crisis and also have the feeling of fear of the long distance threat of international terrorist which they think spreading violence and hatred every place. By stating this the president acknowledges the ongoing war on terror; however, he makes no clear reference to the “terrorist organization” of al-Qaeda.
In the metaphorical expression (4) the part which conducts as source domain is the phrase “Amidst gathering clouds and “Raging storm” whereas the target domain is “The oaths” or “The presidential oath of American president”. The metaphorical expression in the phrase of “Oath is taken amidst gathering clouds and raging storms” can be elaborated as ‘Amidst’ itself means ‘In the middle of something, especially something causing excitement or fear’. So, the ‘gathering clouds and the raging storms’ metaphorically refer to the state of strong feeling of sadness, anxiety by American people about the bad socio- economic of recent time.

3. STATES IS A MOTION OVER A LANDSCAPE
It can be seen that there is merely one metaphorical data in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of STATES IS A MOTION OVER A LANDSCAPE:

(5) These are the indicators of crisis, subject to data and statistics. Less measurable but no less profound is a sapping of confidence across our land - a nagging fear that America's decline is inevitable, that the next generation must lower its sights.

In the metaphorical expression (5) the part which plays role as source domain is the phrase “Across our land” whereas the target domain is “A sapping confidence”. According to Lakoff’s conceptual metaphor the manner of action is manner of motion towards a landscape. Forces which affecting action are forces affecting motion. Progress made is distance traveled or distance from goal.
The phrase “A sapping of confidence across our land” gave us impression that confidence as an abstract thing treated as a concrete thing which can come across over a land. In this metaphor Obama wants to tell us that American people are now facing the fear of weakening confident in their psychological condition spreading all over the country. A deep rooted fear about the unavoidable decline of American economy and hegemony. In this part Obama wants to describe the current condition of America and his plan for big improvement towards the country.


4. POLITICS IS FIGHT/WAR
It can be found that there are two metaphorical data in Barrack Osama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of POLITICS IS FIGHT/WAR:
(6) Our nation is at war, against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred.

In the metaphorical expression (6) the part which conducts as source domain is the phrase “At war” and “against a far-reaching network of violence and hatred” whereas the target domain is “our nation“. In this quotation it can be found the talk of a country’s political condition in terms of fight or war. In the domain of fight or war we can actually be a winner or a loser. We see how a politician in political arena faces other politician as an opponent. He attacks other politician’s position and he defends his own. Possibly he will gain and lose ground. He plans and uses strategies. If he finds a position indefensible, he can abandon it and take a new line of attack. Many of the things a politician does in politics are partially structured by the concept of war. Though there is no physical battle, there is a verbal battle, and the structure of an argument--attack, defense, counter-attack, etc. ---reflects this.
It can be clearly seen that in the POLITICS IS FIGHT/WAR metaphor that expressions from the vocabulary of war or fight, e.g., attack a position, indefensible, strategy, new line of attack, win, gain ground, etc., form a systematic way of talking about the battling aspects of the world of politics. It is no accident that these expressions mean what they mean when we use them to talk about politics. A portion of the conceptual network of battle partially characterizes the concept of politics, and the language follows suit. Since metaphorical expressions in our language are tied to metaphorical concepts in a systematic way, we can use metaphorical linguistic expressions to study the nature of metaphorical concepts and to gain an understanding of the metaphorical nature of our activities.
On above quotation we can set out that Barrack Obama is using the concept of FIGHT or WAR to conceptualize politics in terms of POLITICS IS A FIGHT/WAR metaphor. American people are at war against the dangerous group which Obama called as the global terrorism networking.

(5) ACTIONS ARE TRANSFER
In general there is one metaphorical data in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of ACTIONS ARE TRANSFER

(7) The time has come to reaffirm our enduring spirit; to choose our better history; to carry forward that precious gift, that noble idea, passed on from generation to generation: the God-given promise that all are equal, all are free, and all deserve a chance to pursue their full measure of happiness.

In the metaphorical expression (7) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “that precious gift, that noble idea” whereas the target domain is “to carry forward and “passed”. This metaphor can be analyzed as the speaker is a certain generation. They do their action by putting the ideas (treated as objects) into words (containers) and send them (along a conduit) to another generation as a bearer who takes the idea/objects out of the word/containers.
This is the idea of Reddy, the linguist who had conducted much time for experimentation on metaphor. He has made analysis on documents with more than a hundred types of expressions in English. He said that in this case actions are conceptualized as objects transferred from an agent to a patient, as when one gives someone a kick or a punch. We know (as part of target domain knowledge) that an action does not exist after it occurs. In the source domain, where there is a giving, the recipient possesses the object given after the giving. But this cannot be mapped onto the target domain since the inherent structure of the target domain says that no such object exists after the action is over.

(6) POLITICS IS A JOURNEY
There are two metaphorical data in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of POLITICS IS A JOURNEY:
(8) This is the journey we continue today. We remain the most prosperous, powerful nation on Earth.
(9) Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted - for those who prefer leisure over work, or seek only the pleasures of riches and fame. Rather, it has been the risk-takers, the doers, the makers of things - some celebrated but more often men and women obscure in their labour, which have carried us up the long, rugged path towards prosperity and freedom.

In the metaphorical expression (8) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “This is the journey we continue today” whereas the target domain is American Political life. By saying the sentence of “This is the journey we continue today” gave an impression that the American people are the traveler having a journey to certain destination.
In the metaphorical expression (9) the part which conducts as source domain is the phrase “Our journey has never been one of short-cuts or settling for less. It has not been the path for the faint-hearted” whereas the target domain is also American political life.
It can be seen from both quotation that the principle for under standing the domain of politics can be applied in terms of the domain of journeys. The principle can be stated informally as a metaphorical scenario: The people involve in political life are travelers on a journey together, with their common life goals seen as destinations to be reached. The political activities and relation is their vehicle, and it allows them to pursue those common goals together. The relationship is seen as fulfilling its purpose as long as it allows them to make progress toward their common goals. The journey isn’t easy. There are impediments, and there are places (crossroads) where a policies or a political decision has to be made about which direction to go in and whether to keep traveling together.
The metaphor involves understanding one domain of politics in terms of a very different domain of journeys. More technically, the metaphor can be understood as a mapping (in the mathematical sense) from a source domain (in this case, journeys) to a target domain (in this case, politics). The mapping is tightly structured. There are ontological correspondences, according to which entities in the domain of politics (e.g., the political activists/politicians, their common goals, their difficulties, the political activities, etc.) correspond systematically to entities in the domain of a journey (the travelers, the vehicle, destinations, etc.).

(7) MORE IS UP; LESS IS DOWN
In general there is one metaphorical data in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of CHANGE ARE MOVEMENT:
(10) Our economy is badly weakened, a consequence of greed and irresponsibility on the part of some, but also our collective failure to make hard choices and prepare the nation for a new age. Homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered.

In the metaphorical expression (10) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “badly weakened”, “have been lost”, and “shuttered” whereas the target domain is “economy, homes, jobs, and business.”. By saying the sentences of “Our economy is badly weakened, and homes have been lost; jobs shed; businesses shuttered” Obama want to indicates a physical basis of American current economic condition that if there is a decrease in physical objects to a container or pile like the weaken economic condition like homes have been lost, jobs shed and businesses shuttered. It means the economic level goes down. But otherwise if there is an increase in the substance or physical object to a container, the level goes up.
The elaboration given in the contemporary theory is that the MORE IS UP metaphor is grounded in experience-in the common experiences of pouring more fluid into a container and seeing the level go up, or adding more things to a pile and seeing the pile get higher. These are thoroughly pervasive experiences; we experience them every day of our lives. They are experiences with a structure-a correspondence between the conceptual domain of quantity and the conceptual domain of verticality: MORE corresponds in such experiences to UP and LESS corresponds to DOWN. These correspondences in real experience form the basis for the correspondence in the metaphorical cases, which go beyond the cases in real experience: in Prices rose there is no correspondence in real experience between quantity and verticality, but understanding quantity in terms of verticality makes sense because of the existence of a regular correspondence in so many other cases.

8. ACHIEVING A PURPOSE IS AGRICULTURE
It can be analyzed that there is one metaphorical data in Barrack Obama’s inaugural speech which showing the pattern of ACHIEVING A PURPOSE IS AGRICULTURE:
(11) To those leaders around the globe who seek to sow conflict, or blame their society's ills on the West - know that your people will judge you on what you can build, not what you destroy.

In the metaphorical expression (11) the part which acts as source domain is the phrase “seek to sow” whereas the target domain is “the conflict”. This quotation told us that the principle for under standing the domain of agriculture can be applied in terms of the domain of achieving a purpose. This has a unique metaphorical story line: The people who want to achieve a common goal are farming the land together, with their common life purpose seen as the farming crops as the result of their effort.

III. CONCLUSION & SUGGESTION
Having analyzed the data, the researcher can draw the conclusion that Obama has effectively and creatively used metaphorical expressions in convincing his people about his future plans. His remarkable speech discussing how to solve the great scale of the economic mess that now confronts the US and the common feeling of the loss of national self-confidence. These problems not so many people are seriously questioning. He has used the domain of “Movement” in explaining “Change”, the domain of “Location” over “States”, the domain of “Motion Over a Landscape” used to elaborate “States”, the domain of “War/Fight” had been used to describe “Politics”, the domain of “Transfer” in explaining “Actions”, the domain of “Journey” in describing “Politics” and the domain of “Agriculture” had been used in describing “Achieving a Purpose”.
Finally, the researcher suggest that there are many opportunities and facets to make a lingual research about this study particularly a research on the metaphorical expression of world’s famous speech like Barack Obama’s inauguration speech. This work requires deeper and broader observation, interpretation and analysis. The study towards this most outstanding figurative language offers deeper interpretation about the linguistic unique feature of formal speech. This suggestion is aimed to all language researcher and the students of English department , particularly the program of English linguistics.










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KRITIK SOSIAL POLITIK DALAM BAHASA PLESETAN

SBY-JK: Susah Bensin Ya Jalan Kaki
BBM : Baru Bisa Mimpi
KUHP: Kasih Uang Habis Perkara

Ungkapan bahasa yang “Deviant” atau “Nyeleneh” di atas mudah kita jumpai dalam acara-acara komedi di televisi dan radio dan juga dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Bahasa yang mengandung unsur humor yang menggelitik tersebut pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh pelawak Marwoto di TVRI Yogyakarta yang kemudian lebih populer dikembangkan oleh Kelik Pelipur Lara dari grup LBH (Lembaga Bantuan Humor). Kelik si raja plesetan ini mulai terkenal ketika dia pernah menjabat sebagai “Wakil Presiden” di acara Republik BBM (“Baru Bisa Mimpi”) dan sekarang tampil di acara “DemoCrazy” di MetroTV. Menurut Kelik bahasa plesetan bukan sekedar guyonan biasa tetapi merupakan humor cerdas yang bertujuan membuat orang mau berpikir atas persoalan sosial politik bangsa ini. Plesetan bukanlah sekedar lelucon. Ia adalah “perlawanan” terhadap hegemoni politik negara dengan bahasa nasionalnya yang dianggap telah begitu lama menguasai kehidupan sehari-hari warga biasa. Dalam bahasa plesetan dapat ditemukan persepsi yang unik dari rakyat biasa terhadap persoalan sosial politik yang diungkapkan dalam bentuk permainan bahasa.
Bahasa plesetan mulai populer pada tahun 1990-an. Tahun-tahun ketika isu sosial politik mulai menjadi pembicaraan yang hangat. Beberapa tayangan lawak yang disiarkan di televisi tidak lagi mengandalkan “guyonan garing” yang menampilkan kebodohan pelawak, melainkan mulai menggunakan gaya plesetan. Pada saat itu yang menjadi sasaran utama plesetan adalah isu-isu sosial politik, meskipun hal ini dilakukan dengan tidak terang-terangan. Bahasa plesetan pada masa itu merupakan refleksi ketidakpuasan masyarakat terhadap kekuasaan yang sifatnya sangat dominan.
Darimana kah asal-muasal bahasa plesetan ini? Yogyakarta adalah kota yang diyakini sebagai tempat kelahirannya. Di kota ini bahasa plesetan bukanlah sesuatu yang baru. Permainan bahasa ini diakrabi masyarakat sejak mereka masih kecil. Plesetan telah menjadi cara yang unik dan kreatif bagi masyarakat umum untuk menciptakan suasana yang penuh canda dan sejenak melepaskan diri dari himpitan persoalan kehidupan sehari-hari. Kemahiran dalam permainan bunyi kemudian menjadi salah satu modal yang penting bagi mereka untuk menjaga kedekatan dan keakraban satu sama lain.
Pengamat seni dan budaya seperti Alia Swastika meyakini bahwa kemahiran orang Yogya bermain plesetan ini disebabkan karena budaya mereka yang senang tampil beda dan juga kesenangan mengobrol dan melepas humor. Kebiasaan bersantai dengan lingkungan sepergaulan diwujudkan dengan kegiatan kumpul-kumpul sambil mengobrol tentang banyak hal .Dari sinilah kemudian muncul dialog dan cara menyampaikan ujaran-ujaran yang beragam, sampai lahir plesetan. Disamping itu, ada karakter khas orang Jawa yang sepertinya mempengaruhi kebiasaan plesetan mereka. Orang Jawa dianggap anti konflik dan tidak suka berterus terang. Jika tidak setuju akan sesuatu, orang Jawa cenderung menyampaikannya dengan bahasa yang halus untuk menghindari pertikaian. Karenanya, kritik-kritik kemudian disampaikan dengan “kemasan lain”, yang diharapkan tidak membuat pihak yang dikritik tersinggung. Humor adalah satu bentuk yang dianggap paling efektif.
Di tahun 1994, di Yogyakarta muncul fenomena baru dalam hal plesetan. Ada sekelompok mahasiswa UGM yang mendirikan perusahaan kaus oblong “Dagadu” menawarkan cinderamata alternatif khas Yogyakarta. Jika dilihat dari asal kata “Dagadu” adalah makian khas masyarakat Yogya yang berarti “Ma-ta-mu”. Rumus mengganti kata “matamu” dengan “dagadu” adalah rumus “Basa Walikan” yang merupakan salah satu variasi plesetan khas Yogyakarta. Bagi orang luar Yogya, untuk dapat mengerti basa walikan ini tidak cukup dengan mengerti bahasa Jawa saja, melainkan ia harus menguasai dua puluh karakter dasar huruf Jawa. Seperti halnya permainan bahasa yang lain, “Basa Walikan” ini adalah cara khas masyarakat kelas bawah untuk menampilkan identitas mereka. Lewat bahasa mereka mengukuhkan eksistensi—karena di luar wilayah itu, mereka tidak pernah diakui keberadaannya.
Hampir mirip dengan bahasa prokem di Jakarta “Basa Walikan” menjadi bahasa yang awalnya digunakan oleh preman-preman untuk melakukan komunikasi antar mereka dan menyampaikan informasi penting dan rahasia, demi melindungi mereka dari para penegak hukum. Masyarakat awam mulai mengambil bahasa ini untuk mencari nuansa yang berbeda, untuk menemukan cara yang lain dalam menyampaikan kritik dan ekspresi perasaan mereka. Basa Walikan tiba-tiba menjadi bahasa yang enak digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
Satu contohnya ialah plesetan Kata “Malio-Boro” menjadi “Malio-Boros’’. Dalam contoh ini terlihat jelas upaya bermain-main dengan keisengan kreatif dengan memberikan aksentuasi dan penambahan huruf ‘’s’’ pada kata ‘’Malioboro’’ yang bermuara perbedaan makna sangat signifikan. Konotasi kata ‘’Malioboro’’ plus huruf ‘’s’’ menjadi bermakna negatif dan kenegatifan ‘’Malio-boros’’ ini sengaja dieksploitasi dan dijual Dalam pandangan ide pihak Dagadu Djokdja, tema ‘’Malio-Boro menjadi Malio-Boros’’ dimaksudkan bahwa belanja di kawasan Malioboro itu “Marai” (“menyebabkan”) boros. Lewat pendekatan poster, para desainer Dagadu mencoba menyampaikan uneg-uneg kolektifnya untuk menyampaikan suatu keinginan sekaligus mengingatkan kepada kita betapa borosnya belanja di kaki lima sepanjang kawasan Malioboro. Pedagang lesehan yang menjual dagangannya tanpa memasang harga tarif secara wajar, ditambah pula dengan perilaku penjaja cinderamata yang menawarkan harga sangat tinggi. Selain itu , muncul pula fenomena warung-warung makan di pinggir jalan yang menggunakan formula plesetan yang terasa ‘mengejek’ hal-hal yang lebih mapan misalnya warung makan yang dinamai “Ken (”Disuruh”)-Tuku (”Membeli”) Fried Chicken”, atau “Ken-Chick” sebagai kebalikan dari kata ”Chicken”.

Bedanya Kata "House" dan "Home"

Dalam bahasa Inggris kata "rumah" memiliki dua kata yang sering dipake yaitu House dan Home. Kata "house" artinya rumah secara fisik. hanya dari segi bangunannya saja, sedangkan kata "Home" adale rumah secara pyschologis. artinya dari segi kaitan jiwa, hubungan batin antar anggota keluarga. ada kehangatan di situ.Mangkenye ada istile "Homesick" gak ada "HOuseSick". itu lho penyakit kanget rumah alias penyakit HOmeSickness. trus kalo keluarge ancur berantakan namanya "Broken Home" bukan "BrokenHouse". kalo broken house mah rumah kena gempa. udah jadi damage semua. jadi ruin dan beneath the remains.trus kalo bicara agama Islam, ada hadist nabi;Rumahku adalah sorgakuapa hubungan sabda Rasulullah SAW dengan bedanya kata HOuse dan Home? My Lovely Ustadz menjelaskan bahwa Rumah beliau adalah rumah secara psikologis. di rumah beliau tak ada perabotan mahal. tak ada perhiasan mahal dan makanan lezat bahkan sampai akhir hayat beliau belum pernah dahar roti dari bahan yang lembut. semua bahannya dari bahan yang kasar. coba bandingkan dengan kehidupan kita?

Bedanya nerd, geek dan dork

Pasti kalian sering denger dong istilah2 diatas? Bagi sebagian orang sama, tp sebenernya beda-beda lho artinya.

Nerd

Istilah yang sering dipake untuk orang2 yang ambisius dalam aktivitas2 pendidikan, pola berpikir yang luas (tp banyak org ga ngerti), dan lebih seneng sendiri daripada ke tempat2 rame. Biasanya orang-orang ini dikucilkan dan dianggap penyendiri oleh orang-orang di sekelilingnya, dan biasanya mereka bergaul dengan orang yang berpola pikir sama dengan mereka.

Ciri2 fisik: Pake kacamata gede, baju dimasukin, celana sampe pinggang (tau deh ini stereotip doang )

Geek

Mengacu pada orang-orang yang tertarik (dan ahli) di bidang teknologi, terutama komputer. Orang-orang ini mahir menggunakan komputer, dan menganggap hack adalah hal yang baik walaupun tidak semuanya hackers. Mereka biasanya mengaplikasikan ilmu yang mereka punya ke dunia nyata (walaupun ga perlu2 amat)

Ciri2 fisik: Mirip dengan ciri2 fisik Nerd, tapi biasanya geek suka nenteng2 gadget agak kerenan dikit kali yeee



Dork

Orang2 yang 'aneh', konyol atau bodoh, sama sekali tidak bisa beradaptasi dengan lingkungan sekitar (mirip2 ansos kali ya?), atau orang2 yang tidak mengikuti trend terbaru (jadi rada2 jadul, gitu). Sering dimirip2kan dengan nerd dan geek, tapi memiliki tingkat kepintaran yang berbeda (biasanya kalo dork dianggap lebih bodoh dari geek atau nerd)

Ciri2 fisik: Penampilan jadul karena ga ngikutin trend sama sekali.

Nah, kalian termasuk yang mana nih? Kalo gue sih kayaknya setengah geek setengah nerd (?)

Kalo kalian berpikir orang2 kayak mereka tuh jelek, sebenernya nggak juga lho. Mereka kayak gitu karena pola pikir mereka nggak sama kayak kita, jadi kesannya mereka ga bisa gaul dan ga ngerti apa2

Coba deh kalo soal akademis, biasanya makhluk2 kayak gini nih yang menonjol

Kalo menurut kalian gimana? Punya definisi sendiri nggak?

SYLLABUS for READING III

SYLLABUS

Subject : READING III
Department : English Dept

Purpose of The Study:
The Students are intended to understand theories, methods, and practices of reading in order to design a good writing result.

Topics and Reading Assignments:
1) Introduction to the course: Reading as a road to Writing.
2) The Importance of reading habit.
3). The relation between Reading and Writing.
4). Reading to understand and evaluate.
5). Critical thinking
6). Argumentation and reasoning
7). Inductive and Deductive reasoning
8). Discovering ideas
9). Defining topics and organizing ideas about them
10). Creating theses statements and outlines
11). Writing persuasively
12) Composing a first draft
13) Revising as rethinking

Requirements:
1. The Student must read any related literature to enrich certain abilities on Reading and Writing.
2. The Students are suggested to take part in class discussion actively to take broad understanding on the given lecture.
3. The Students must read any related journal to give broad understanding of the subject.
4. Please submit your assignment on time.

Assessment:
You will be graded from A through D map out as follows:
Class Works and Participation: 25%
Mid Term Exam : 25%
Final Exam : 25%
Asignment : 25%

Suggested Reading:
Beene, Lynn. 1992. The Riverside Handbook. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston
Reid, Joy M. 1982. The Process of Composition. Prenctice hall regents. Colorado.

42 tahun pengabdian ibu Darsinem menjadi guru WB

Ini adl cerita yg barangkali mengagumkan,mengharukan skaligus menyedihkan.cerita tentang ibu darsinem yg telah mengabdi sejak th 47(kita blum lahir.,masih di buah2an ato di pucuk pohon ato di dlm sumur) jadi guru wb di tk kelurahan t4 istri saya.istri sya yg sarjana&biasa ngajar anakTK diajak utk mbantu ngajar&dari sinilah cerita2 mengalir.betapa semangat ibu darsinem ini ngajar 42 tahun meski gajine 400ribu bukan tiap bulan tapi diberikan tiap 4 bln sekali.itupun sejak januari blum keluar gajine.dari kelurahan ada uang insentip yg masyaALLAH 50rbu per bulan.kenapa demikian karena ibu ini hanya lulusan SD &ga mau studi lagi shgga diknas ora nggagas beliau.sebuah kisah perjuangan pahlawan tanpa tanda jasa yg tulus ikhlas mengajar karena kecintaan pd anak2.agak mirip dgn cerita ibu mus limah di LP-nya andrea hirata.cuma bedanya bu muslimah sdh jadi guru pns&dapat penghargaan dari SBY Smentara ibu darsinem hanya bisa bersabar ditempa keadaan.smoga ALLAH mudahkan urusan beliau.

To Kill a mockingbird

SINOPSIS BUKU - To Kill a Mockingbird : Novel tentang Kasih Sayang dan Prasangka.

Tema yang diusung dalam novel ini adalah prasangka buruk terhadap pribadi atau kelompok masyarakat tertentu yang sepenuhnya belum tentu kebenarannya (yuk mari!!!). yang menarik adalah cerita dalam novel ini ditulis dari sudut pandang seorang anak perempuan (Scout Finch) berusia 8 tahun.


Novel ini menceritakan kehidupan masa kanak-kanak dua kakak beradik, Jem dan Scout. Ayah mereka, Atticus Finch adalah seorang pengacara, sedangkan ibu mereka telah lama meninggal dunia. Jem dan scout diasuh oleh seorang pembantu kulit hitam bernama Calpurnia.


Kehidupan Scout dan Jem Finch berubah total saat ayah mereka menjadi pembela seorang pemuda kulit hitam yang dituduh memerkosa seorang gadis kulit putih. Saat itu orang kulit hitam merupakan kasta terendah yang ada di masyarakat. Saat Atticus Finch membela seseorang yang dianggap sampah masyarakat, kecaman pun datang dari seluruh penjuru kota. Scout dan Jem pun tak luput dari ejekan teman-temannya yang mengatakan ayah mereka adalah pecinta kulit hitam. Di tengah terpaan masalah yang menimpa keluarganya, Scout belajar bahwa kehidupan tidak melulu hitam dan putih. Bahwa prasangka seringkali membutakan manusia. Dan bahwa keadilan tidak selalu bisa ditegakkan.
***

To Kill a Mockingbird karya Harper Lee memenangi Pulitzer pada 1961 dan terus menjadi novel best-seller hingga kini.

***
sumberipun: loonilicious's blog

UNGKAPAN BAHASA YANG POSITIF

eformasi yang berasal dari kata Bahasa Inggris reform adalah suatu semangat pembaharuan untuk merombak tatanan lama yang menghambat kemajuan menuju masyarakat madani yang lebih tertata dan lebih baik. Jika dikaji setelah bertahun-tahun lamanya berlangsung era ini selain hasil-hasil yang positif terdapat juga ekses negatif dimana media cetak dan elektronik yang sebelumnya banyak mendapat represi dari pihak birokrat sekarang lebih bebas bahkan terkesan “terlalu bebas” dalam menyatakan gagasan dan opininya. Kebebasan tersebut terkadang bebas lepas seperti melewati jalan tol sehingga kurang adanya kontrol terhadap ungkapan bahasa yang terkadang menggunakan kata-kata yang kasar, vulgar dan porno. Ungkapan bahasa yang negatif semacam itu mudah kita temui sekarang ini pada judul-judul novel, film komedi nasional dan produk media apapun yang mengarah hanya pada mengikuti selera pembaca atau penonton. Contoh-contoh yang vulgar ga pengen aku tampilkan disini...disensor abizz pokoknya.. 

 Persoalan penting yang ingin dikemukakan disini adalah perlunya sosialisasi ungkapan bahasa yang positif agar pikiran kita menjadi lebih konstruktif dan positif. Hal ini saya kira yang justru sangat diperlukan di era kondisi sosial ekonomi yang carut-marut di negeri ini, bukan ungkapan-ungkapan bahasa negatif yang memajalkan otak dan mengotori hati nurani. Kajian tentang ungkapan bahasa dan korelasinya dengan pikiran manusia merupakan obyek kajian Psikolinguistik. Aitchinson mendefinisikan Psikolinguistik sebagai “Ilmu yang mempelajari proses mental yang dilalui oleh manusia dalam mereka berbahasa” (1998:1).

SALAHKAH TINGKAT TUTUR KRAMA DESA?

enurut Janet Holmes bahasa yang digunakan oleh anggota masyarakat bukanlah sesuatu yang mati tetapi terus hidup dan berkembang sejalan dengan dinamika tempat hidupnya masyarakat tersebut. Salah satu contohnya dalam penggunaan Bahasa Jawa ialah penggunaan ragam dalam undha usuk bahasa Jawa yang sering disebut Krama Desa. Yang dimaksudkan Krama Desa adalah bahasa Krama yang dipakai oleh orang yang sering dikatakan sebagai kurang dapat berbahasa dengan benar.
Tingkat tutur ini nampak jelas kelihatan aneh, jelek, dan kampungan jika dibandingkan dengan Basa Kedathon (bahasa istana) yang merupakan bahasa yang digunakan oleh para kerabat istana dan wilayah pemakaiannya pun terbatas hanya dalam istana. Ragam ini dianggap indah dan bagus karena prestise sosial tertentu. Di dalam masyarakat yang memuliakan kerajaan, keraton dianggap tempat terhormat bagi orang terhormat pula, bahasanya pun dianggap terhormat dan karena itu patut menjadi acuan (Sumarsono: 2002:29).
Jika cermati Krama Desa lebih tepat disebut dengan bahasa krama yang kurang baku atau nonstandar karena banyak kata krama yang tak baku misalnya kata milai (mulai), tanggi (tetangga), tegil (kebun), waos (gigi), percados (percaya), riyadin (idulfitri) atau menghaluskan nama suatu daerah dan kelompok masyarakat yang seharusnya tak perlu dikramakan menjadi Hyper-krama seperti ‘Semarang’, ‘Karanganyar’, ‘Pasar Gedhe’, ‘Pasar Pon’ dan ‘Cina’ menjadi ‘Semawis’, ‘Kawis Enggal’, ‘Peken Ageng’, ‘Peken Pon’ dan ‘Cinten’.
Melihat fenomena diatas menurut S.S.T Wisnu Sasangka, seorang pakar bahasa Jawa, penamaan Krama Desa sebenarnya merupakan olok-olok yang dilakukan orang kota terhadap orang desa. Saat itu orang yang tak dapat berbahasa dengan benar menurut orang Nagari (orang kota) diidentikkan dengan orang desa sehingga bahasa krama yang digunakan disebut Krama Desa (22:2004).
Yang menarik untuk dibahas disini adalah mengenai tepat atau tidaknya sikap orang kota yang dengan sudut pandang “kekotaannya” merasa bahasa mereka lebih “indah” dan “bagus” daripada bahasa orang desa. Kata “”Desa” dalam istilah “Krama Desa” bersinonim dengan kata “Kampung” yang jika diperdalam tingkat ejekannya menjadi kata “Kampungan”. Kata “Kampung” dan “Kampungan” berkonotasi tidak mengenal tata krama per-kota-an dan tak tahu sopan santun. Kata Samsudin Berlian seorang pakar linguistik, bahasa adalah kekuasaan. Orang kota yang lebih dekat dengan pusat kekuasaan seolah-olah punya hak istimewa untuk mengembangkan makna kata dan menyusun kamus. Padahal orang desa juga punya hak yang sama (190:2006).
Menurut kami setiap kelompok masyarakat entah di kota maupun di desa memiliki daya kreativitas masing-masing dalam mengembangkan bahasa. Kreativitas itu bila secara manasuka (arbitrer) disepakati oleh kelompok masyarakat tertentu akan memperkaya khazanah ragam bahasa Jawa yang ada. Jadi meskipun ungkapan leksikon Krama desa itu seolah-olah terdengar jelek, aneh dan kampungan rasanya tak ada yang salah dengan ungkapan tersebut. Seperti halnya mendengar ungkapan dialek Banyumasan “Wetenge kencot” (perutnya lapar) atau “Ramane teka”(ayahnya datang). Tidak ada yang salah. Semua itu adalah wujud kreativitas bahasa yang perlu dihargai dan dihormati eksistensinya.

7 Orang Tunanetra Taklukkan Himalaya

Sesuatu hal yang spektakuler yang dilakukan oleh ketujuh penyandang tunanetra ini.Mereka melakukan hal yang sebagaian dari insan yang normal tentu merasa kesulitan untuk melakukannya.
Apa yang membuat mereka nekat,berhasilkah mereka sampai ke puncak gunung tertinggi itu??.

Erik Weihenmayer, manusia buta pertama yang mencapai ketinggian 29.035 kaki puncak Gunung Everest dan mendaki tujuh puncak di dunia, melakukan tantangan berbeda.

Dia memandu enam remaja Tibet yang buta untuk mencapai 23.000 kaki puncak Lhakpa Ri, bagian puncak lain di Everest.

Pendakian ini berawal saat Weihenmayer menerima pesan elektronik dari Sabriye Tenberken, seorang kandidat peraih Nobel Perdamaian 2005 dan salah satu pendiri kelompok Braille Without Borders, sebuah sekolah bagi orang buta di Lhasa, Tibet. Para siswa di sekolah tersebut terinspirasi oleh Weinhenmayer dan ingin bertemu dengannya.

Bahkan, Tanberken memiliki ide berbeda. Dia meminta Weihenmayer mengajak murid-muridnya mendaki gunung tertinggi di dunia itu.

Walhasil, perjalanan menempuh bahaya untuk menuju puncak berhasil dilakukan selama tiga pekan. Perjalanan ini didokumentasikan oleh Lucy Walker, dalam film dokumenter bertajuk “Blindsight”.

Berlatar belakang keindahan Himalaya, film ini memperlihatkan tantangan yang dihadapi enam bocah dalam kehidupan kesehariannya dan dalam perjalanan di Himalaya ini.

“Kami memang buta, tetapi hati kami tidak buta. Justru hati orang-orang normal yang buta,” kata Tenzin, salah seorang remaja Tibet, dikutip CNN, Kamis (3/4/2008).

Asingnya Penggunaan Bahasa Inggris

ealita yang sulit dibantah bahwa bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa pergaulan internasional nomor satu di dunia. Realita yang mudah ditemui jika kita berkomunikasi dengan orang dari negeri manapun dan juga banyaknya buku teks di perpustakaan yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantarnya.
Di sisi yang lain penggunaan bahasa Inggris di negeri ini masih dianggap sebagai bahasa yang “asing”. Hal ini dikarenakan politik bahasa nasional masih mendudukkan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa asing, bukan sebagai bahasa pengantar di sekolah dan kampus kecuali di kelas-kelas tertentu di sekolah berstandar internasional (SBI). Hal ini berbeda dengan strategi politik bahasa di Malaysia dimana bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa pengantar di sekolah dan kampus, meskipun bahasa Melayu masih tetap dijadikan sebagai bahasa nasional atau resmi. Seorang kenalan dari Malaysia yang sedang mengambil studi Kedokteran di UNS bercerita bahwa salah satu sebab majunya pembangunan di seantero Malaysia adalah karena digunakannya bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar di dunia pendidikan sehingga tidak ada lagi language obstacle atau hambatan bahasa dalam mempelajari ilmu apapun yang diberikan oleh para Professor dan dosen. Sungguh wajar jika rata-rata pelajar dan mahasiswa Malaysia mahir berbahasa Inggris.
Fakta di negeri jiran tersebut rasanya sangat berbeda dengan yang saya alami selama ini yang sudah mengajar bahasa Inggris tujuh tahun di universitas dan sekolah tinggi. Masih banyak hambatan bahasa sehingga kemajuan pengetahuan anak didik dan mahasiswa menjadi lambat. Sering saya jumpai mahasiswa yang baik di universitas baik negeri maupun swasta belum memiliki kemampuan untuk berbicara dan mengarang dalam bahasa Inggris secara aktif. Kondisi yang memprihatinkan ini semakin diperparah dengan adanya ketakutan bahwa dengan diberlakukannya bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar di sekolah dan kampus akan menggeser dan sekaligus menggusur peran bahasa Indonesia sebagai bahasa pemersatu. Hal ini rasanya perlu dikaji lebih lanjut. Apakah negeri ini akan runtuh atau tercerai-berai jika menggunakan bahasa Inggris sebagai bahasa pengantar di dunia pendidikan kita? Rasanya ini adalah ketakutan yang tidak rasional dan sangat berlebihan. Sudah saatnya politik bahasa nasional diubah dengan menjadikan bahasa Indonesia tetap sebagai bahasa nasional atau bahasa resmi sedangkan bahasa kedua atau bahasa pengajaran di sekolah dan kampus sebagai pilihannya adalah bahasa Inggris atau bahasa asing lainnya. Hal ini adalah upaya yang strategis dan efektif untuk percepatan kemampuan sumber daya manusia di Indonesia.

KEUNIKAN RAGAM BAHASA YANG TIDAK BAKU

Sebagaimana yang diungkapkan oleh Sarwini S.Pd dalam SOLOPOS 19/3/2009 berjudul “Penyingkatan Bahasa di Pasar” bahwa bahasa merupakan alat yang sangat penting bagi manusia untuk mengadakan interaksi dan bahasa bersifat arbirtrary atau manasuka. Bukan hanya demikian saja, tetapi bahasa dimanapun ia berada selalu berkembang dinamis mengikuti laju perkembangan zaman .Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya daya kreatif manusia seperti yang diungkapkan Noam Chomsky, pakar Linguistik Amerika, bahwa tiap manusia memiliki kemampuan bawaansejak lahir (innate competence) untuk secara kreatif mengorganisir, mengkoherensikan, menyesuaikan dan merangkai kata dan frasa agar menjadi ujaran yang dapat di mengerti. Kemampuan ini adalah kemampuan kognitif yang jauh melampai kemampuan linguistik struktural-tradisional ala Leonard Bloomfield yang hanya melihat bahasa dari bentuk (form) dan isi bahasa (contents) dan mengabaikan atau tidak memahami aspek konteks sosio-kultural yang melingkupi sebuah ujaran bahasa. Contoh ketidakmampuan lingustik tradisional dalam menjelaskan fakta kebahasaan tertentu ialah contoh cara linguistik tradisional menjelaskan ekspresi “Ngebut–Benjut” yang sering kita temui di gang-gang sempit di kampung-kampung daerah perkotaan di Solo. Kajian linguistik struktural hanya memahami tuturan “Ngebut –Benjut” dengan penjelasan atas kata ‘Ngebut” sebagai Verba yang artinya “lari kencangnya kendaraan” sedangkan kata “Benjut” sebagai adjektiva yang artinya “wajah atau badan yang memar”. Lalu apa hubungan antara kendaraan yang lari kencang dengan wajah memar? Hal ini hanya bisa dipahami secara linguistis saja tetapi dengan bantuan studi Pragmatik bahwa ada konteks pertuturan yang melingkari tuturan itu. Tanpa konteks ini maka fakta kebahasan ini tidak bisa dipahami. Menurut kajian Pragmatik tuturan “Ngebut –Benjut” bisa dianalisis sebagai berikut: penutur adalah warga kampung, mitra tutur adalah semua orang yang lewat jalan kampung dengan kendaraan. Maksud atau konteks tuturan ialah warga kampung memberitahu orang yang lewat dengan kendaraan agar jangan suka ngebut karena banyak kejadian anak kecil tertabrak kendaraan yang ugal-ugalan. Jika sudah membaca tuturan “Ngebut-Benjut” masih saja memaksakan keinginan maka jika terjadi lagi kecelakaan maka yang terjadi akan jadi “benjut” wajah dan badan memar karena massa akan bertindak di luar hukum untuk menghakimi si pelanggar aturan masyarakat. Lalu kenapa peringatan ini diwujudkan dalam bentuk tulisan? Secara Sosiolinguistik fakta kebahasaan ini juga bisa dijelaskan dengan adanya collective mind (tata nilai, norma dan sistem sosial yang dimiliki bersama) masyarakat Jawa yang meskipun anti konflik tetapi lebih suka menyampaikan sesuatu secara tidak langsung atau tidak terus terang. Hal ini karena halusnya perasaan orang Jawa yang cenderung tidak mau mengingatkan dan menyalahkan orang yang dianggap bersalah di depan orang banyak. Tetapi kalau sudah kebangetan yang tetap akan mendapatkan hukuman sosial.

Fay NEO matrix

bukan NEO RHeumaCyl ya...


taken from: neo matrix blogger templates

Pak Fay and Barack Obama

ini dia Pak fay...YES WE CAN...

IKUT2an gaya pak BARACK OBAMA...the above picture is designed by TIGA CIDUK...
The Digital Artist from Solo Karanganyar...
Jazakumullah khoiron for his design...

download semua lagu mp3 nasyid di sini

Top donlot eh download semua lagu mp3 nasyid islami di sini:
1. MP3 Opick Assalamualaikum
2. MP3 Opick Feat Amanda
3. Oick feat Gito rolis cukup bagiku
4. Lagu Opick lainnya : Download abiiz
5. Gigi-semuam lagu islaminya GIGI : Dowload abiiiz
6.semua lagu Raihan : Donlot wae!!
7. Brothers: free Download
8. AA Gym :Donlot mawon

Mari bersyukur setiap saat dan keadaan.

"Mari kita bersyukur" adalah kalimat yang hampir selalu muncul dari tiap penceramah dan khotib jum'ah. sebuah untaian kata yang kelihatannya mudah untuk diucapkan tapi rasanya untuk meng-internalisir dalam hati dan mewujudkannya taksemudah mengatakannya. karena tiap hari ada test case atau ibtila' atau ujian dalam hidup dan Allah SWT ingin melihat bagimana sikap bathin kita dalam menghadapi persoalan-persoalan pada Allah SWT. salah satu resep bersyukur yang diajarkan ulama dan ustadz-ustadz adalah : suudzhon bi nafs dan khusnudzon billah (berprasangka buruk pada diri sendiri dan selalu berprasangka baik kepada Allah SWT).
Semoga Allah jadikan kita Hamba-NYA yang bersyukur fikulli khaal alias di setiap saat dan keadaan.
Allah qobul farmahe...

A good book for English teacher and lecturer

Learning a new language should be fun, interactive and exciting. The use of games in a learning environment not only changes the dynamic of the class but also rejuvenates students and helps the brain to learn more effectively. The brain also consists of muscles. It needs to be worked out, tested and put into competitive situations. A teacher can create a more exciting learning environment by introducing games and activities.
Games allow students to work co-operatively, compete with each other, strategize, think in a different way, compare and share knowledge, learn from others, learn from mistakes, work in a less stressful and more productive environment, and allow people to have fun.

Isi Buku
+ 102 macam permainan dan aktivitas yang menarik, memotivasi, menggugah minat dan keberanian, serta merangsang kreativitas siswa sehingga bisa belajar secara efisien dan bersemangat; dan di sisi lain, membantu para pengajar untuk menciptakan suasana belajar yang kondusif, kompetitif, menarik (tidak membosankan), dan tidak membuat stres
+ latihan soal untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam speaking, writing, listening, dan reading tapi hanya satu yang jadi problem harganya cukup mahal untuk mahasiswa yang kantongnya pas-pasan : Rp. 50.000,00

The 25 Most Common Tips for teachers

1. Start by being firm with pupils
2. Get silence before you start speaking to the class
3. Control the students' entry to the classroom
4. Know & use the students' names
5. Prepare lessons thoroughly and structure them firmly
6. Arrive at the classroom before students
7. Prepare furniture & apparatus before students arrive
8. Know how to use apparatus
9. Be mobile: walk around the class
10. Start the lesson with a "bang" and sustain interest & curiosity
11. Give clear instructions
12. Learn voice control
13. Have additional material for bright and slow students.
14. Look at the class when speaking & learn how to scan
15. Make written work appropriate (e.g. to age, ability, cultural background of students)
16. Develop an effective question technique
17. Develop the art of timing your lesson to fit the available period
18. Vary your teaching techniques
19. Anticipate discipline problems and act quickly
20. Be firm and consistent in giving punishments
21. Avoid confrontations
22. Clarify and insist on YOUR standards
23. Show yourself as a helper or facilitator to the students
24. Don't patronise pupils, treat them as responsible beings.
25. Use humour constructively.

Two Important points for a teacher

There are two thing that I have concluded in the process of may teaching experience. this may be useful for lecturer and teacher wherever you are.. 

1. Learning is an emotional experience.

The heaviest task of a teacher is making a good situation for students that enable them to study in comfortable situation. He or she should try to motivate his or her students to have a good feelings in joining lesson

s and courses. If this point is ignored I'm afraid there will be a failure in the learning achievement of them. 2. The basic character of learning is individual.

In my experience having a class more than 20 students is not a good example of class management. it's very difficult to make all of them comprehend the material since the class is to massive and crowdy. by having the number of students of 20 or fewer than it, the teaching and learning will attain good result since the teacher can give greater and more spesific attention to each of his or her students. For more information please click the other related topics : HomeSchooling

buat yang merasa dirinya konsumen

Yang berbahaya dilingkungan kita;

1. BEKAS BOTOL AQUA
Mungkin sebagian dari kita mempunyai kebiasaan memakai dan memakai ulang botol plastik (Aqua, VIT , etc) dan menaruhnya di mobil atau di kantor. Kebiasaan ini tidak baik, karena bahan plastic botol (disebut juga sebagai polyethylene terephthalate or PET) yang dipakai di botol2 ini mengandung zat2 karsinogen (atau DEHA). Botol ini aman untuk dipakai 1-2 kali saja, jika anda ingin memakainya lebih lama, tidak boleh lebih dari seminggu, dan harus ditaruh ditempat yang jauh dari matahari. Kebiasaan mencuci ulang dapat membuat lapisan plastik rusak dan zat karsinogen itu bisa masuk ke air yang kita minum. Lebih
baik membeli botol air yang memang untuk dipakai ber-ulang2, jangan memakai botol plastik.

2 . PENGGEMAR SATE
Kalau Anda makan sate, jangan lupa makan timun setelahnya. Karena ketika kita makan sate sebetulnya ikut juga karbon dari hasil pembakaran arang yang dapat menyebabkan kanker. Untuk itu kita punya obatnya yaitu timun yang disarankan untuk dimakan setelah makan sate. Karena sate mempunyai zat Karsinogen (penyebab kanker) tetapi timun ternyata punya anti Karsinogen. Jadi jangan lupa makan timun setelah makan sate.

3. UDANG DAN VITAMIN C
Jangan makan udang setelah Anda makan Vitamin C. Karena ini akan menyebabkan keracunan dari racun Arsenik (As) yang merupakan proses reaksi dari Udang dan Vitamin C di dalam tubuh dan berakibat keracunan yang fatal dalam hitungan jam.

4. MI INSTAN

Untuk para penggemar mi instan, pastikan Anda punya selang waktu paling tidak 3 (tiga) hari setelah Anda mengkonsumsi mi instan, jika Anda akan mengkonsumsinya lagi, dari informasi kedokteran, ternyata terdapat lilin yang melapisi mi instan. Itu sebabnya mengapa mi instan tidak lengket satu sama lainnya ketika dimasak. Konsumsi mie instan setiap hari akan meningkatkan kemungkinan seseorang terjangkiti kanker. Seseorang, karena begitu sibuknya dalam berkarir tidak punya
waktu lagi untuk memasak, sehingga diputuskannya untuk mengkonsumsi mi instan setiap hari . Akhirnya dia menderita kanker.
Dokternya mengatakan bahwa hal ini disebabkan karena adanya lilin dalam mi instan tersebut. Dokter tersebut mengatakan bahwa tubuh kita memerlukan waktu lebih dari 2 (dua) hari untuk membersihkan lilin tersebut.






5. BAHAYA DIBALIK KEMASAN MAKANAN
Kemasan makanan merupakan bagian dari makanan yang sehari-hari kita konsumsi. Bagi sebagian besar orang, kemasan makanan hanya sekadar bungkus makanan dan cenderung dianggap sebagai "pelindung " makanan.
Sebetulnya tidak tepat begitu, tergantung jenis bahan kemasan. Sebaiknya mulai sekarang Anda cermat memilik kemasan makanan. Kemasan pada makanan mempunyai fungsi kesehatan, pengawetan, kemudahan, penyeragaman, promosi, dan informasi. Ada begitu banyak bahan yang digunakan sebagai pengemas primer pada makanan, yaitu kemasan yang bersentuhan langsung dengan makanan. Tetapi tidak semua bahan ini aman bagi makanan yang dikemasnya.
Inilah ranking teratas bahan kemasan makanan yang perlu Anda waspadai.

A. Kertas .
Beberapa kertas kemasan dan non-kemasan (kertas koran dan majalah) yang sering digunakan untuk membungkus makanan, terdeteksi mengandung timbal (Pb) melebihi batas yang ditentukan. Di dalam tubuh manusia , timbal masuk melalui saluran pernapasan atau ngan kita. pencernaan menuju sistem peredaran darah dan kemudian menyebar ke berbagai jaringan lain, seperti: ginjal , hati, otak, saraf dan tulang. Keracunan timbal pada orang dewasa ditandai dengan gejala 3 P, yaitu
pallor (pucat), pain (sakit) & paralysis (kelumpuhan) . Keracunan yang terjadipun bisa bersifat kronis dan akut. Untuk terhindar dari makanan yang terkontaminasi logam berat timbal, memang susah-susah gampang.
Banyak makanan jajanan seperti pisang goreng, tahu goreng dan tempe goreng yang dibungkus dengan Koran karena pengetahuan yang kurang dari si penjual, padahal bahan yang panas dan berlemak mempermudah berpindahnya timbale makanan tsb.
Sebagai usaha pencegahan , taruhlah makanan jajanan tersebut di atas piring.

B . Styrofoam
Bahan pengemas styrofoam atau polystyrene telah menjadi salah satu pilihan yang paling populer dalam bisnis pangan. Tetapi, riset terkini membuktikan bahwa styrofoam diragukan keamanannya. Styrofoam yang dibuat dari kopolimer styren ini menjadi pilihan bisnis pangan karena mampu mencegah kebocoran dan tetap mempertahankan bentuknya saat dipegang. Selain itu, bahan tersebut juga mampu mempertahankan panas dan dingin tetapi tetap nyaman dipegang, mempertahankan kesegaran dan keutuhan bahan yang dikemas, biaya murah, lebih aman, serta ringan. Pada Juli 2001, Divisi Keamanan Pangan Pemerintah Jepang mengungkapkan bahwa residu styrofoam dalam makanan sangat berbahaya. Residu itu dapat menyebabkan endocrine disrupter (EDC), yaitu suatu penyakit yang terjadi akibat adanya gangguan pada system endokrinologi dan reproduksi manusia akibat bahan kimia karsinogen dalam makanan.

JADILAH SAHABAT BAGI KELUARGA serta ORANG LAIN DAN KIRIMKAN TULISAN INI SEBANYAK
MUNGKIN KEPADA FAMILY serta SAHABAT ANDA.
.
sumberipun: Ajangkita.com