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Types of Perception
According to Lee et al. (2016:228), there are two types of perception, and they are negative and positive perception; both are explained in the following description:
1). Positive perception
Positive perception is the perception that describes all information knowledge (known or unknown) positively. In addition, positive perception is the positive interpretation that involves humans evaluating something around them. In this case, someone with a positive perception will accept and support the perceived object.
2). Negative perception
The negative perception is the perception that describes information (known or unknown) negatively or not suitable for the perceived object. In other words, negative perception is the negative interpretation that involves humans evaluating something around them.
Positive and Negative Perceptions
According to Robbins (2002: 14), positive perception is an assessment individual of an object or information with a positive view or as expected from the object perceived or from existing rules.
Meanwhile, negative perceptions are individual perceptions of certain objects or information with opposing views, contrary to what is expected from the object that is perceived or from existing rules. The cause of emergence of a negative perception can arise because of individual dissatisfaction with the object being the source of perception, individual ignorance, and the absence of individual experience of the object being perceived. Vice versa, the cause of the emergence of a person's positive perception because of satisfaction is individuals to objects that are the source of their perceptions, the existence of individual knowledge, and the existence of individual experiences of objects that are perceived.
Rahmat (2005) states that perception is divided into positive and negative forms. Suppose the perceived object follows appreciation and can be accepted rationally and emotionally. In that case, humans will perceive positively or tend to like and respond according to the perceived object. If it is not following appreciation, the perception is negative or tends to reject and react in the opposite direction to the object of perception.
Robbins (2002) adds that positive perception is an individual's assessment of an object or information with a positive view or following what is expected from the object perceived or from the existing rules. Meanwhile, negative perceptions are individual perceptions of particular objects or information with negative views, contrary to what is expected from the object perceived or from existing rules.
The emergence of a person's negative perception can arise because of individual dissatisfaction with the object that is the source of their perception, the existence of ignorance of the individual, and the absence of individual experience of the object being perceived and vice versa. The cause of the emergence of positive perceptions of a person because of the individual satisfaction with the object that is the source of perception, the existence of individual knowledge, and the existence of individual experiences of perceived objects.
According to Walgito (2004), individuals tend to look at things they think will satisfy their needs and ignore harmful or disturbing things. The psychological state becomes very important in interpreting the stimulus, so an individual's perception may be different from others, even though the object or motivation is the same. Thomas (2007) adds that the personal characteristics of perceptual actors, including attitudes, motives, needs, interests, past experiences, and expectations, strongly influence interpretation. The process of perception involves understanding resulting in the perception between one person and another being different (individualistic).
Based on the definition described above, the researcher can conclude that positive perception is a positive way of looking at individuals in the stimulus in the environment through processes of cognition and affective processes that are influenced by various things such as prior knowledge, needs, educational moods, and other factors to give positive meaning towards the object that it perceives. At the same time, negative perceptions are the way of looking at or evaluating an individual against an entity with considerations that are not in individual accordance, expected, or different from their desires.
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1. According to Wagner and Hollenbeck (1995)
There is an opinion from Wagner and Hollenbeck. Namely, humans have five senses through which we experience the world: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. According to him, every human being is endowed with five senses through which you can experience the world around you. Starting from sight, hearing, smell, taste, and flavor. According to Wagner and Hollenbeck, the definition of perception is a process in which a person can select, manage, store, and interpret information collected through the five senses. (Also read: Types of Schizophrenia)
2. According to Robbins (2003)
Robbins states that perception is an individual process to organize and interpret impressions from their senses to give meaning to the surrounding environment. Many factors can influence perception, starting from the perpetrator of perception, the perceived object, and the existing situation.
The average personal characteristics of the perceiver are mostly attitudes, motives, interests, interests, expectations, and past experiences that are more relevant to influencing a perception. The object can be an object, person, or event. While the nature of an object can affect the perception of the person who sees it. The situation is the object's context, which includes things in the surrounding environment and time. (Also read: How to Get Rid of Boredom)
3. According to Young in Adrian (2010)
Perception is sensing, integrating, and assessing physical or social objects. This sensing usually depends on the physical and social stimuli in the environment. Sensory from this environment will be processed with other things learned, such as expectations, values, memories, and attitudes. (Also read: How to Eliminate Fear)
4. According to Gibson (1999)
In his book Organization and Behavior Management, Gibson explains that the structure of perception is a cognitive process that a person uses to interpret and understand the world around him against an object. Gibson also demonstrated that individuals carry out the process of giving meaning to the environment. Therefore, each person will provide a different definition for each other even though the object is the same. How individuals see a situation will be more critical than the situation itself. (Also read: ADHD Symptoms in Infants)
5. According to Kotler (2000)
Perception is how a person selects, organizes, and interprets incoming information to create a picture of a meaningful whole. (Also read: Humanistic Learning Theory)
Translated with www.DeepL.com/Translator (free version)
Source: 10 Pengertian Persepsi Menurut Para Ahli - DosenPsikologi.com
