Internal and External Factors Affecting Students’ Lack of Verbal Participation and the Role of Classroom Activities in Speaking Engagement
Verbal participation is a crucial component of successful language learning, particularly in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. Active participation enables students to practice communication skills, express ideas, and engage meaningfully with learning materials. However, many students remain reluctant to participate verbally during classroom interactions. Researchers have identified numerous internal and external factors that contribute to students’ low verbal participation. Understanding these factors is essential for teachers who aim to create supportive learning environments and encourage students to engage actively in speaking activities (Brown, 2004; Krashen, 1985).
One of the most influential internal factors affecting verbal participation is anxiety. Language anxiety often occurs when students feel nervous, worried, or uncomfortable about speaking in front of others. Such feelings may arise from concerns about pronunciation, grammar, or being unable to express ideas effectively. Students experiencing high levels of anxiety frequently avoid speaking opportunities and prefer to remain silent during classroom discussions. Consequently, anxiety can significantly hinder students’ willingness to communicate and participate verbally in language learning activities (Krashen, 1985; Tahang et al., 2025).
Another important internal factor is low self-confidence. Students who doubt their language abilities often hesitate to speak because they are uncertain whether their responses are correct or meaningful. A lack of confidence can discourage students from taking risks in communication, even when they possess sufficient knowledge to contribute to classroom discussions. As a result, students may choose silence over participation, limiting their opportunities to improve speaking skills and language proficiency (Wang, 2019).

